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Sphaerius

Sphaerius acaroides
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Suborder:	Myxophaga
Superfamily:	Sphaeriusoidea
Family:	Sphaeriusidae Erichson, 1845
Genus:	Sphaerius Waltl, 1838
Species
see text
Synonyms
Microsporus Kolenati, 1846 Neosphaerius Oke, 1954

Sphaerius is a genus of beetles in the family Sphaeriusidae, comprising 18 species. It is one of the two extant genera in the family, the other being Bezesporum. They are typically found along the edges of streams and rivers, where they feed on algae; they occur on all continents except Antarctica. Three species occur in the United States.

The overall form of the beetle is convex, glossy, dark brown or black with some markings possible. The head is prominent, with relatively large eyes set far apart, and capitate antennae. Total length ranges from 0.5–1.2 mm (0.020–0.047 in).

The beetles occur in a variety of damp environments, including mud, under stones, among plant roots and leaf litter, and in mosses in bogs. They store some air underneath their elytra.

Females produce a single large egg at a time.

The family used to be known as "Sphaeriidae", but the name was preoccupied by a family of freshwater clams. The name was inappropriately replaced with "Microsporidae" (by changing the genus name to Microsporus), but this act has been superseded by a return to the use of Sphaerius and a reformation of the family name as Sphaeriusidae.^[1] The position of the family within Coleoptera has also changed a number of times.^[2]

Species

The genus includes the following 18 species, as of 2022:^[3]

Sphaerius acaroides Waltl, 1838 – Europe
Sphaerius africanus (Endrödy-Younga, 1997) – South Africa
Sphaerius alticola (Löbl, 1995) – Nepal
Sphaerius coomani Lesne, 1936 – Vietnam
Sphaerius gustavlohsei (Löbl, 1995) – Nepal, India: Darjeeling
Sphaerius hispanicus Matthews, 1899 – France, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia
Sphaerius humicola (Löbl, 1995) – Nepal
Sphaerius laeviventris Champion, 1923 – India: Uttarakhand
Sphaerius madecassus Paulian, 1949 – Madagascar
Sphaerius obsoletus Lesne, 1936 – Vietnam
Sphaerius ovensensis (Oke, 1954) – Australia
Sphaerius perlaevis Lesne, 1936 – Vietnam
Sphaerius politus Horn, 1868 – USA: California
Sphaerius silvicola (Löbl, 1995) – Nepal
Sphaerius spississimus Lesne, 1935 – France: Corsica, Italy: Sardinia, Israel
Sphaerius tesselatus Lesne, 1936 – Vietnam
Sphaerius texanus Matthews, 1899 – USA: Texas
Sphaerius tropicus Matthews, 1888 – Guatemala

Species transferred to Bezesporum:

Sphaerius minutus Liang & Jia, 2018 – China: Jiangxi
Sphaerius papulosus Lesne, 1940 – Myanmar

Species of unclear assignment:

Sphaerius cribratus Lesne, 1936 – Vietnam
Sphaerius favosus Lesne, 1936 – Vietnam

Species excluded from Sphaeriusidae (actually representatives of Corylophidae):

"Sphaerius" coenensis Oke, 1954 – Australia
"Sphaerius" scutellaris (LeConte, 1878) – USA

Fossil Sphaeriusidae

†Burmasporum Kirejtshuk 2009 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian

References

^ ICZN 2000: Opinion 1957. Sphaerius Waltl, 1838 (Insecta, Coleoptera): conserved; and Sphaeriidae Erichson, 1845 (Coleoptera): spelling emended to Sphaeriusidae, so removing the homonymy with Sphaeriidae Deshayes, 1854 (1820) (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 57: 182–184. ISSN 0007-5167 BioStor
^ Ross H. Arnett, Jr. and Michael C. Thomas, American Beetles (CRC Press, 2001)
^ Fikáček, Martin; Yamamoto, Shûhei; Matsumoto, Keita; Beutel, Rolf G.; Maddison, David R. (2022-12-07). "Phylogeny and systematics of Sphaeriusidae (Coleoptera: Myxophaga): minute living fossils with underestimated past and present‐day diversity". Systematic Entomology: syen.12571. doi:10.1111/syen.12571. ISSN 0307-6970. S2CID 254440169.

External links

Sphaeriusidae Tree of Life

Wikispecies has information related to Sphaerius.

Extant Coleoptera families

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Superorder: Holometabola

Suborder Archostemata
Crowsoniellidae (Crowsoniella relicta) Cupedidae (reticulated beetles) Jurodidae (Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae) Micromalthidae Ommatidae

Suborder Adephaga

Extant families	Amphizoidae (trout-stream beetles) Aspidytidae Carabidae (ground beetles) Cicindelidae (tiger beetles) Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Hygrobiidae Meruidae (Meru phyllisae) Noteridae (burrowing water beetles) Trachypachidae (false ground beetles)

Suborder Myxophaga
Hydroscaphidae (skiff beetles) Lepiceridae Sphaeriusidae Torridincolidae

Suborder Polyphaga

Bostrichiformia

Bostrichoidea	Bostrichidae (auger beetles) Dermestidae (skin beetles) Endecatomidae Jacobsoniidae (Jacobson's beetles) Nosodendridae (wounded-tree beetles) Ptiniidae (furniture beetles, death watch beetles, spider beetles)
Derodontoidea	Derodontidae (tooth-necked fungus beetles)

Cucujiformia

Chrysomeloidea	Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles) Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Disteniidae Megalopodidae Orsodacnidae Oxypeltidae Vesperidae
Cleroidea	Acanthocnemidae (Acanthocnemus nigricans) Biphyllidae (false skin beetles) Byturidae (fruitworm beetles) Chaetosomatidae Cleridae (checkered beetles) Lophocateridae Mauroniscidae Melyridae (soft-wing flower beetles) Metaxinidae (Metaxina ornata) Peltidae Phloiophilidae (Phloiophilus edwardsi) Phycosecidae Prionoceridae Protopeltidae Rentoniidae Rhadalidae Thanerocleridae Thymalidae Trogossitidae (bark-gnawing beetles)
Coccinelloidea	Akalyptoischiidae Alexiidae Anamorphidae Bothrideridae (dry bark beetles) Cerylonidae (minute bark beetles) Coccinellidae (lady beetles, or God's cows) Corylophidae (minute fungus beetles) Discolomatidae Endomychidae (handsome fungus beetles) Eupsilobiidae Euxestidae (well polished beetles) Latridiidae (minute brown scavenger beetles) Murmidiidae Mycetaeidae Teredidae
Cucujoidea	Agapythidae (Agapytho foveicollis) Boganiidae Cavognathidae Cryptophagidae (silken fungus beetles) Cucujidae (flat bark beetles) Cybocephalidae Cyclaxyridae Erotylidae (pleasing fungus beetles) Helotidae Hobartiidae Kateretidae (short-winged flower beetles) Laemophloeidae (lined flat bark beetles) Lamingtoniidae (Lamingtonium binnaberrense) Monotomidae (root-eating beetles) Myraboliidae Nitidulidae (sap beetles) Passandridae (parasitic flat bark beetles) Phalacridae (shining flower beetles) Phloeostichidae Priasilphidae Propalticidae Protocucujidae Silvanidae (silvanid flat bark beetles) Smicripidae (palmetto beetles) Sphindidae (dry-fungus beetles) Tasmosalpingidae
Curculionoidea (weevils)	Anthribidae (fungus weevils) Attelabidae (leaf-rolling weevils) Belidae (primitive weevils) Brentidae (straight snout weevils, New York weevil) Caridae Curculionidae (true weevils, bark beetles, ambrosia beetles) Nemonychidae (pine flower weevils)
Lymexyloidea	Lymexylidae (ship-timber beetles)
Tenebrionoidea	Aderidae (ant-like leaf beetles) Anthicidae (ant-like flower beetles) Archeocrypticidae (cryptic fungus beetles) Boridae (conifer bark beetles) Chalcodryidae Ciidae (minute tree-fungus beetles) Melandryidae (false darkling beetles) Meloidae (blister beetles) Mordellidae (tumbling flower beetles) Mycetophagidae (hairy fungus beetles) Mycteridae (palm and flower beetles) Oedemeridae (false blister beetle) Perimylopidae, or Promecheilidae Prostomidae (jugular-horned beetles) Pterogeniidae Pyrochroidae (fire-coloured beetles) Pythidae (dead log bark beetles) Ripiphoridae (wedge-shaped beetles) Salpingidae (narrow-waisted bark beetles) Scraptiidae (false flower beetles) Stenotrachelidae (false longhorn beetles) Synchroidae (synchroa bark beetles) Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles) Tetratomidae (polypore fungus beetles) Trictenotomidae Ulodidae Zopheridae (ironclad beetles, cylindrical bark beetles)

Elateriformia

Buprestoidea	Buprestidae (jewel beetles, or metallic wood-boring beetles) Schizopodidae
Byrrhoidea	Byrrhidae (pill beetles) Callirhipidae (cedar beetles) Chelonariidae (turtle beetles) Cneoglossidae Dryopidae (long-toed water beetles) Elmidae (riffle beetles) Eulichadidae (forest stream beetles) Heteroceridae (variegated mud-loving beetles) Limnichidae (minute mud beetles) Lutrochidae (travertine beetles) Psephenidae (water-penny beetles) Ptilodactylidae
Dascilloidea	Dascillidae (soft bodied plant beetles) Rhipiceridae (cicada beetle, cicada parasite beetles)
Elateroidea	Artematopodidae (soft-bodied plant beetles) Brachypsectridae (Texas beetles) Cantharidae (soldier beetles) Cerophytidae (rare click beetles) Elateridae (click beetles) Eucnemidae (false click beetles) Jurasaidae Lampyridae (fireflies) Lycidae (net-winged beetles) Omethidae (false fireflies, long-lipped beetles) Phengodidae (glowworm beetles) Rhagophthalmidae Sinopyrophoridae Throscidae (false metallic wood-boring beetles)
Rhinorhipoidea	Rhinorhipidae (Rhinorhipus tamborinensis)
Scirtoidea	Clambidae Decliniidae (Declinia relicta) Eucinetidae (plate-thigh beetles) Scirtidae

Scarabaeiformia

Scarabaeoidea

Staphyliniformia

Histeroidea	Histeridae (clown beetles) Sphaeritidae (false clown beetles) Synteliidae
Hydrophiloidea	Epimetopidae Georissidae (minute mud-loving beetles) Helophoridae Hydrochidae Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Spercheidae
Staphylinoidea	Agyrtidae (primitive carrion beetles) Hydraenidae Leiodidae (round fungus beetles) Ptiliidae (feather-winged beetles) Silphidae (carrion beetles) Staphylinidae (rove beetles)

List of subgroups of the order Coleoptera

Taxon identifiers

Sphaerius

Wikidata: Q606681
Wikispecies: Sphaerius
AFD: Sphaerius
BOLD: 200441
BugGuide: 425408
CoL: 63SJH
EoL: 37071
EPPO: 1SHRSG
Fauna Europaea: 124871
Fauna Europaea (new): 37882f46-cded-4401-b181-5aa2ca2e0d0c
GBIF: 1042566
iNaturalist: 322192
IRMNG: 1444939
ITIS: 112739
NBN: NHMSYS0001720127
NCBI: 174920
Open Tree of Life: 966109
Plazi: 934387C1-E52D-FFDB-FF27-91ED42EE4D7E

Sphaeriusidae

Wikidata: Q16209130
Wikispecies: Sphaeriusidae
AFD: Sphaeriusidae
BioLib: 573549
BOLD: 200440
BugGuide: 417726
CoL: GG7
EoL: 396
EPPO: 1SPHSF
Fauna Europaea: 11001
Fauna Europaea (new): f9a3622d-e798-4521-8d63-c384d5674743
GBIF: 4744
iNaturalist: 322191
IRMNG: 105365
ITIS: 678385
NBN: NHMSYS0001720129
NCBI: 110033
Open Tree of Life: 112572
Paleobiology Database: 261397
Plazi: 3F66C508-153A-9F14-7CB6-C2E6D2A2FBB4

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