Epstein Files Full PDF

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Ming typefaces" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding articles in Chinese and Japanese. Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Chinese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 389 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at [[:zh:宋体]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|zh|宋体}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Ming typefaces
A page from a Ming dynasty edition of the Book of Qi
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	明體
Simplified Chinese	明体
Literal meaning	Ming font
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin míng tǐ Bopomofo ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄧˇ Wade–Giles ming2 ti3 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping ming4 tai2 Southern Min Tâi-lô bîng-thé
Alternative name
Traditional Chinese	宋體
Simplified Chinese	宋体
Literal meaning	Song font
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin sòng tǐ Bopomofo ㄙㄨㄥˋ ㄊㄧˇ Wade–Giles sung4 t‘i3 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping sung3 tai2
Korean name
Hangul	명조체
Hanja	明朝體
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Myeongjoche
Japanese name
Kanji	明朝体
Kana	みんちょうたい
Transcriptions Romanization Minchōtai

The Song script (simplified Chinese: 宋体; traditional Chinese: 宋體) or Ming script (simplified Chinese: 明体; traditional Chinese: 明體) is a category of serifed typefaces used to display Chinese family of scripts such as traditional and simplified Chinese characters as well as their borrowed (e.g. Japanese kanji and Korean hanja) and radical-derived relatives (e.g. katagana). First invented during the Song dynasty and matured during the Ming dynasty, they are currently the most common printing and text display/editing fonts for Chinese and Japanese language publications.

The former term "Song" is the official terminology used in Mainland China, while the latter "Ming" is used prominently in Taiwan and Hong Kong and is a loanword from post-restoration Japan, as the typefaces are commonly called Mincho tai (Hiragana: みんちょうたい) and Myeongjo che (Hangul: 명조체) — both literally translate to "Ming dynasty font" — respectively in Japanese and Korean texts.

The names Song (or Sung) and Ming correspond to the Song dynasty when a distinctive printed style of regular script was developed, and the Ming dynasty during which that style developed into the Ming typeface style.^[1] In Mainland China, the most common name is Song (the Mainland Chinese standardized Ming typeface in Microsoft Windows being named SimSun). In Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and Korea, Ming is prevalent. In Hong Kong and Taiwan, "Song typeface" (宋体) has been traditionally used, but "Ming typeface" (明體) has gained popularity since the advent of desktop publishing (the Traditional Chinese standardized Ming typeface in Microsoft Windows being named MingLiU). Some type foundries^[2] use "Song" to refer to this style of typeface that follows a standard such as the Standard Form of National Characters, and "Ming" to refer to typefaces that resemble forms found in the Kangxi Dictionary.

Characteristics of Ming typefaces include the following:

• The basic structure of regular script, with overall geometrical regularity
• Thick vertical strokes contrasted with thin horizontal strokes
• Triangular serifs at the end of horizontal strokes, called uroko (鱗; 'fish scales') in Japanese, comparable to many Western typefaces. These are a print analog of the bulged end (pinyin: dùn) caused by the writer briefly pausing the ink brush to reinforce the beginning or ending of a stroke, which is characteristic of handwriting the regular script and the calligraphic semi-cursive script (In contrast, the gothic typefaces, commonly seen on road signs in China, have neatly squared stroke ends similar to Western sans-serif)

Often there are different ways to write the same Chinese character; these are collectively referred to as variant Chinese characters. Some of the differences are caused by character simplification, while others are purely orthographic differences such as stroke styling. The styling of the strokes used in old Ming typefaces came from the style used in the Kangxi Dictionary.^{[citation needed]}

In mainland China, the modern standardized character forms are specified in the List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese. Some characters in the list differ from the Kangxi forms solely because they are Simplified while others differ because they use a different variant or orthography.

In Taiwan, the Standard Form of National Characters specifies the modern standardized forms. Unlike the mainland standard, the Taiwan standard uses mostly preexisting character forms but reference back to the style of regular script and reform Ming typefaces based on regular script style extensively, which had attracted criticism from many peoples.^[3][4]

After the postwar kanji reforms in Japan, most of the Kangxi style characters were called kyūjitai (old style), while the reformed characters were called shinjitai, causing newer dictionaries to either incorporate both styles or omit the Kangxi styles. In Korea, most typefaces use the Kangxi forms.

There are differences between print and script forms of many Chinese characters, just as there are differences between copperplate and most people's handwriting. Some of these differences are persistent and specific to a style, but others may be no more significant than variations between individual typefaces. None of these variations usually hinder reading.

The printing industry from the Tang dynasty reached an apex in the Song dynasty,^[1] during which there were three major areas of production:

• Zhejiang, where publications imitated the regular script of Ouyang Xun^[1]
• Sichuan, where publications imitated the regular script of Yan Zhenqing^[1]
• Fujian, where publications imitated the regular script of Liu Gongquan^[1]

When Song lost control of northern China to the Jin (金) dynasty, its capital was moved to Lin'an (modern Hangzhou), where there was a revival of printing, especially literature from Tang left in what was conquered by the Jin dynasty. Many publishers were established in Lin'an, including Chén zhái shūjí pù (陳宅書籍鋪) established by Chen Qi (Chinese: 陳起),^[1] from which publications used a distinct style of regular script with orderly, near-constant-width, straight strokes, simplifying carving. Modern typefaces imitating this style this style are called imitation Song typefaces (simplified Chinese: 仿宋体; traditional Chinese: 仿宋體; pinyin: fǎng Sòng tǐ).

In the Ming dynasty, the straightening of strokes in a reprint of a publication from Lin'an started a shift to what became the basis of the Ming style.^[1]

• 
  A page of a publication from Zhejiang in a regular script typeface which resembles the handwriting of Ouyang Xun.
• 
  A page of a publication from Chén zhái shūjí pù.

Ming typefaces (明朝, Minchō; lit. "Ming Dynasty") are the most commonly used style in print in Japan. There are several variations in use, such as the textbook style and the newspaper style.

The creator of modern Japanese movable-type printing, Motoki Shōzō (or Motogi), modeled his sets of type after those prevailing in China, having learned an electrolytic method of type manufacturing from the American William Gamble in 1869. Motoki then created, based on Gamble's frequency studies of characters in the Chinese Bible, a full set of type with added Japanese characters; in addition to Chinese and Latin characters, Japanese text uses the syllabaries hiragana and katakana.

In Korean, a similar category of typefaces for the Korean alphabet hangul was called myeongjo (the Korean reading for the same Chinese characters "明朝") until recently, influenced by the Japanese term. A Ministry of Culture-sponsored standardization of typography terms in 1993 replaced myeongjo with batang ("바탕"), the Korean word for "foundation" or "ground" (as opposed to "figure"), and is the current term for the typeface.

Technically, only Chinese characters can be printed in a Ming typeface. However, most modern typefaces (that is, digital typefaces) often also include kana glyphs in a matching style, usually in a precise style resembling handwriting with a brush. Modern Ming typefaces also incorporate Roman type glyphs for Latin characters, letterlike symbols, and numbers. In its modern role comparable to that of western serif typefaces, both kana and Latin characters are usually part of a complete typeface.

Ming typefaces are used officially by the governments of China, Japan, and Korea.

• Fangsong, a narrower-stroke variant
• East Asian gothic typeface
• Chinese calligraphy

• Nihongo resources: Japanese typefaces
• sci.lang.japan FAQ list of Japanese writing styles
• [chinese mac] Fontstypefaces included with Mac OS and Windows Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
• differences between some Ming typefaces
• www.kinkido.net Information on Chinese typefaces, including Ming typefaces. (in Japanese)