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Molgula - Wikipedia

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Molgula

Molgula oculata; a) branchial orifice; b) atrial orifice
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Tunicata
Class:	Ascidiacea
Order:	Stolidobranchia
Family:	Molgulidae
Genus:	Molgula
Synonyms^[1]
Anurella Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877 Ascopera Herdman, 1881 Astropera Pizon, 1898 Caesira Flemming, 1822 Ctenicella Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877 Cystingia Macleay, 1825 Eugyriopsis Roule, 1885 Euritteria Huntsman, 1922 Gymnocystis Giard, 1872 Lithonephria Giard, 1872 (misspelling) Lithonephrya Giard, 1872 Meristocarpus Pizon, 1899 Mogula Kirkpatrick, 1905 (misspelling) Molgulidium Seeliger, 1907 Molgulina Hartmeyer, 1914 Pera Stimpson, 1852 Syphonotethis Gervais, 1840 Xenomolgula Arnback, 1931

Molgula, or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.^[1]

They are translucent with two protruding siphons. They are found subtidally, attached to slow-moving submerged objects or organisms. All species of Molgula have a fluid-filled structure called the renal sac.^[2] The renal sac contains nitrogenous wastes, solid concretions composed of weddellite and calcite,^[3] and an apicomplexan symbiont called Nephromyces.^[4]

In the western Atlantic Ocean, they range from the Arctic to North Carolina, to the center of the United States Eastern Seaboard.^[5]

Species

Molgula aidae Oka, 1914
Molgula amesophleba (Codreanu & Mack-Fira, 1956)
Molgula antiborealis Millar, 1967
Molgula appendiculata Heller, 1877
Molgula arenata Stimpson, 1852
Molgula bacca (Herdman, 1910)
Molgula bathybia (Hartmeyer, 1912)
Molgula bisinus Monniot, 1989
Molgula bleizi (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
Molgula bourbonis Monniot, 1994
Molgula braziliensis Millar, 1958
Molgula brieni Monniot & Monniot, 1976
Molgula calvata Sluiter, 1904
Molgula caminae Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
Molgula celata (Michaelsen, 1914)
Molgula celebensis Millar, 1975
Molgula celtica Monniot, C., 1970
Molgula citrina Alder & Hancock, 1848
Molgula coactilis Monniot & Monniot, 1977
Molgula complanata Alder & Hancock, 1870
Molgula conchata Sluiter, 1898
Molgula confluxa (Sluiter, 1912)
Molgula contorta Sluiter, 1898
Molgula cooperi (Huntsman, 1912)
Molgula crinita Sluiter, 1904
Molgula crustosa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
Molgula cryptica Millar, 1962
Molgula cynthiaeformis Hartmeyer, 1903
Molgula davidi Monniot, 1972
Molgula delicata Monniot & Monniot, 1991
Molgula dextrocarpa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974
Molgula diaguita Monniot & Andrade, 1983
Molgula dicosta Millar, 1988
Molgula dione (Savigny, 1816)
Molgula discogona Millar, 1975
Molgula diversa Kott, 1972
Molgula dolichentera Millar, 1960
Molgula ellistoni Kott, 1972
Molgula elva Kott, 2008
Molgula enodis (Sluiter, 1912)
Molgula eobia Redikorzev, 1941
Molgula estadosi Monniot & Monniot, 1983
Molgula eugyroides Traustedt, 1883
Molgula euplicata Herdman, 1923
Molgula euprocta Drasche, 1884
Molgula falsensis Millar, 1955
Molgula ficus (Macdonald, 1859)
Molgula flagrifera Sluiter, 1904
Molgula fortuita Monniot & Monniot, 1984
Molgula georgiana Michaelsen, 1922
Molgula gigantea (Cunningham, 1871)
Molgula griffithsii (MacLeay, 1825)
Molgula habanensis Van Name, 1945
Molgula hartmeyeri Oka, 1914
Molgula helleri Drasche, 1884
Molgula herdmani Brewin, 1958
Molgula hirta Monniot F. 1965
Molgula hodgsoni Herdman, 1910
Molgula hozawai Oka, 1932
Molgula impura Heller, 1877
Molgula incidata Kott, 1985
Molgula japonica Hartmeyer, 1906
Molgula karubari Monniot & Monniot, 2003
Molgula kerguelenensis Kott, 1954
Molgula kiaeri Hartmeyer, 1901
Molgula kolaensis Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1928
Molgula kophameli Michaelsen, 1900
Molgula lapidifera Redikorzev, 1941
Molgula longipedata Sluiter, 1904
Molgula longitubis Monniot, 2002
Molgula longivascula Millar, 1982
Molgula lutulenta Herdman, 1923
Molgula macquariensis Kott, 1954
Molgula malvinensis Arnback, 1938
Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843)
Molgula marioni Millar, 1960
Molgula millari Kott, 1971
Molgula mira (Ärnbäck, 1931)
Molgula mollis Herdman, 1899
Molgula monodi Peres, 1949
Molgula mortenseni (Michaelsen, 1922)
Molgula napiformis Lambert, 1993
Molgula novaeselandiae (Michaelsen, 1912)
Molgula occidentalis Traustedt, 1883
Molgula occulta Kupffer, 1875
Molgula oculata Forbes, 1848
Molgula oligostriata Tokioka, 1949
Molgula oregonia Ritter, 1913
Molgula pacifica (Huntsman, 1912)
Molgula pedunculata Herdman, 1881
Molgula phytophila Monniot, 1970
Molgula pigafettae Monniot & Monniot, 1983
Molgula pila Monniot & Monniot, 1985
Molgula plana Monniot, C., 1971
Molgula platana Van Name, 1945
Molgula platei Hartmeyer, 1914
Molgula platybranchia (Monniot, 1970)
Molgula primitiva Redikorzev, 1941
Molgula provisionalis Van Name, 1945
Molgula pugetiensis Herdman, 1898
Molgula pulchra Michaelsen, 1900
Molgula pumila Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1976
Molgula pyriformis Herdman, 1881
Molgula redikorzevi Oka, 1914
Molgula regularis Ritter, 1907
Molgula retortiformis Verrill, 1871
Molgula rheophila (Pérès, 1956)
Molgula riddlei F. Monniot, 2011
Molgula ridgewayi (Herdman, 1906)
Molgula rima Kott, 1972
Molgula robini Monniot & Monniot, 1983
Molgula robusta (Van Name, 1912)
Molgula romeri Hartmeyer, 1903
Molgula rotunda Oka, 1914
Molgula roulei Monniot C., 1969
Molgula sabulosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Molgula salvadori Monniot, 1970
Molgula satyrus Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1993
Molgula scutata Millar, 1955
Molgula setigera Arnback, 1938
Molgula shimodensis Nishikawa, 1982
Molgula simplex Alder & Hancock, 1870
Molgula siphonalis Kiaer, 1896
Molgula siphonata Alder, 1850
Molgula sluiteri (Michaelsen, 1922)
Molgula socialis Alder, 1863
Molgula solenata (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
Molgula somaliensis Millar, 1988
Molgula sphaera Kott, 1972
Molgula spiralis Kott, 1954
Molgula susana Monniot & Monniot, 1976
Molgula tagi Michaelsen, 1923
Molgula taprobane Herdman, 1906
Molgula tectiformis Nishikawa, 1991
Molgula tethys Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1974
Molgula topata Monniot & Monniot, 1987
Molgula tubifera (Orstedt, 1844)
Molgula tzetlini Sanamyan, 1993
Molgula undulata (Tokioka, 1949)
Molgula vara Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1979
Molgula variazizi Monniot, 1978
Molgula verrilli (Van Name, 1912)
Molgula verrucifera Ritter & Forsyth, 1917
Molgula xenophora Oka, 1914

References

^ ^a ^b Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira Da Rocha, Billie J. Swalla, Xavier Turon (2012) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=103509 on 2012-02-26
^ Van Name, Willard Gibbs (1945). "The North and South American ascidians". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 84. hdl:2246/1186.
^ Saffo, Mary Beth; Lowenstam, Heinz A. (1978-06-09). "Calcareous Deposits in the Renal Sac of a Molgulid Tunicate". Science. 200 (4346): 1166–1168. doi:10.1126/science.200.4346.1166. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17745108. S2CID 33253067.
^ "Malaria, Sea Grapes, and Kidney Stones: A Tale of Parasites Lost - The Loom". The Loom. 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
^ Andrew J. Martinez (2003). Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England. Aqua Quest Publications. ISBN 9781881652328. Retrieved 2007-02-17.

Howson, C. M.; Picton, B. E. (Ed.) (1997). The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Ulster Museum Publication, 276. The Ulster Museum: Belfast, UK. ISBN 0-948150-06-8. vi, 508 (+ cd-rom) pp.
Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidiacea & Sorberacea, in: Costello, M. J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 352–355
Sanamyan, K. (2007). Database of extant Ascidiacea. Version of 2 November 2007

Tunicate genera

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Olfactores

Tunicata

Appendicularia
(Larvacea)

Kowalevskia
Fritillariidae	Appendicularia Fritillaria Tectillaria
Oikopleuridae	Althoffia Bathochordaeus Chunopleura Folia Megalocercus Mesochordaeus Mesoikopleura Oikopleura Pelagopleura Sinisteroffia Stegosoma

Stolidobranchia
(Pleurogona)¹

Molgulidae	Anomopera Asajirus Bostrichobranchus Eugyra Fungulus Gamaster Minipera Molgula Molguloides Namiella Oligotrema Paramolgula Pareugyrioides Protomolgula Rhizomolgula
Pyuridae	Bathypera Bathypyura Boltenia Bolteniopsis Claudenus Cratostigma Ctenyura Culeolus Halocynthia Hartmeyeria Hemistyela Herdmania Heterostigma Microcosmus Paraculeolus Pyura
Styelidae	Alloeocarpa Amphicarpa Arnbackia Asterocarpa Bathyoncus Bathystyeloides Berillia Botryllocarpa Botrylloides Botryllus Chorizocarpa Cnemidocarpa Dendrodoa Dextrocarpa Dicarpa Distomus Eusynstyela Gynandrocarpa Kukenthalia Metandrocarpa Monandrocarpa Oculinaria Oligocarpa Pelonaia Podostyela Polyandrocarpa Polycarpa Polyzoa Protostyela Psammostyela Seriocarpa Stolonica Styela Symplegma Syncarpa Theodorella Tibitin

Doliopsoides Paradoliopsis Pseudusa
Doliopsidae	Doliolula Doliopsis
Doliolidae	Dolioletta Doliolina Dolioloides Doliolum

Enterogona¹

- see below↓

Enterogona

Aplousobranchia

Euherdmania Placentela Stomozoa Vitrum
Clavelinidae	Clavelina Euclavella Nephtheis Pycnoclavella
Diazonidae	Diazona Pseudodiazona Pseudorhopalaea Rhopalaea Tylobranchion
Didemnidae	Atriolum Clitella Coelocormus Didemnum Diplosoma Leptoclinides Lissoclinum Polysyncraton Trididemnum
Holozoidae	Distaplia Hypodistoma Hypsistozoa Neodistoma Polydistoma Protoholozoa Pseudoplacentela Scotiazoa Sigillina Sycozoa
Polycitoridae	Archidistoma Brevicollus Cystodytes Eucoelium Eudistoma "Exostoma" Millarus Polycitor Polycitorella Rhombifera Salix
Polyclinidae	Aplidiopsis Aplidium Morchellioides Morchellium Neodictyon Polyclinella Polyclinum Sidneioides Synoicum
Protopolyclinidae	Condominium Monniotus Protopolyclinum
Pseudodistomidae	Anadistoma Citorclinum Pseudodistoma
Ritterellidae	Dumus Pharyngodictyon Ritterella

Phlebobranchia

Dimeatus Hypobythius
Agneziidae	Adagnesia Agnezia Caenagnesia Proagnesia Pterygascidia
Ascidiidae	Ascidia Ascidiella Fimbrora Phallusia Psammascidia
Cionidae	Araneum Ciona Tantillulum
Corellidae	Abyssascidia Chelyosoma Clatripes Corella Corelloides Corellopsis Corynascidia Dextrogaster Mysterascidia Rhodosoma Xenobranchion
Octacnemidae	Benthascidia Cibacapsa Cryptia Dicopia Kaikoja Megalodicopia Myopegma Octacnemus Polyoctacnemus Situla
Perophoridae	Ecteinascidia Perophora
Plurellidae	Microgastra Plurella

Tunicate-like fossils

Ediacaran

Cambrian

Later

Palaeoquadrum Quadrifolium Toscanisoma
Khmeriamorpha	Khmeria Zardinisoma

Ichnotaxa

Catellocaula

¹Part of the paraphyletic class Ascidiacea
Category
Commons

Taxon identifiers
Molgula	Wikidata: Q4911667 Wikispecies: Molgula AFD: Molgula BOLD: 210801 CoL: 7PK94 GBIF: 2331472 iNaturalist: 81775 IRMNG: 1339166 ITIS: 159541 NBN: NHMSYS0021053240 NCBI: 27574 NZOR: 56b856f3-c2d4-4bf5-b527-7a98e3ebf913 Open Tree of Life: 792373 Plazi: DB2987AE-FFD5-9123-FD65-A4949280C1A3 WoRMS: 103509

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Hidden categories:

Species

References

Further reading