Myristica fragrans

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Myristica fragrans - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Myristica fragrans

Conservation status
Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Magnoliids
Order:	Magnoliales
Family:	Myristicaceae
Genus:	Myristica
Species:	M. fragrans
Binomial name
*Myristica fragrans* Houtt.^[2]

Myristica fragrans, commonly known as the nutmeg tree, is an evergreen species indigenous to the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. This aromatic tree is economically significant as the primary source of two distinct spices: nutmeg, derived from its seed, and mace, obtained from the seed's aril.^[3]

Valued for centuries in global spice trade, M. fragrans is now widely cultivated throughout tropical regions, including parts of Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia), South Asia (Kerala in India, Sri Lanka), East Asia (Guangdong and Yunnan in China, Taiwan), the Caribbean (notably Grenada), and South America.^[3]^[4]

Description

Myristica fragrans is an evergreen tree, usually 5–15 m (16–49 ft) tall, but occasionally reaching 20 m (66 ft) or even 30 m (98 ft) on Tidore. The alternately arranged leaves are dark green, 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in) long by 2–7 cm (0.8–2.8 in) wide with petioles about 1 cm (0.4 in) long. The species is dioecious, i.e. "male" or staminate flowers and "female" or carpellate flowers are borne on different plants, although occasional individuals produce both kinds of flower. The flowers are bell-shaped, pale yellow and somewhat waxy and fleshy. Staminate flowers are arranged in groups of one to ten, each 5–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long; carpellate flowers are in smaller groups, one to three, and somewhat longer, up to 10 mm (0.4 in) long.^[5]

Carpellate trees produce smooth yellow ovoid or pear-shaped fruits, 6–9 cm (2.4–3.5 in) long with a diameter of 3.5–5 cm (1.4–2.0 in). The fruit has a fleshy husk. When ripe the husk splits into two halves along a ridge running the length of the fruit. Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed, 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long by about 2 cm (0.8 in) across, with a red or crimson covering (an aril). The seed is the source of nutmeg; the aril the source of mace.^[3]^[5]

Taxonomy

Myristica fragrans was given a binomial name by the Dutch botanist Maartyn Houttuyn in 1774. It had earlier been described by Georg Eberhard Rumphius, among others.^[6] The specific epithet fragrans means "fragrant".^[7]

Uses

Myristica fragrans can be used as an accent tree. Ground nutmeg and mace are used in cooking.^[8] Seeds from the plant are used to make essential oils while other parts such as arils, bark, flowers and leaves are used for fragrance in soaps and perfumes.^[8]

References

^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (1998). "Myristica fragrans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T33986A9820569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33986A9820569.en. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
^ "Myristica fragrans Houtt.", Tropicos, retrieved 2014-06-07
^ ^a ^b ^c "Myristica fragrans Houttuyn", Flora of China, eFloras.org, retrieved 2014-06-07
^ "Myristica fragrans". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
^ ^a ^b Orwa, C.; Mutua, A.; Kindt, R.; Jamnadass, R. & Simons, A. (2009), "Myristica fragrans", Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide (version 4.0), archived from the original on 2017-10-23, retrieved 2014-06-07
^ Houttuyn, M. (December 1774), Natuurlijke Historie, vol. 2, p. 333, retrieved 2014-06-07
^ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995), Plants and their names : a concise dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 198, ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4
^ ^a ^b "Myristica fragrans - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2024-10-11.

Taxon identifiers

Myristica fragrans

Wikidata: Q2724976
Wikispecies: Myristica fragrans
APNI: 437560
ARKive: myristica-fragrans
CoL: 459NC
Ecocrop: 1514
EoL: 596922
EPPO: MYIFR
FNA: 200008618
FoC: 200008618
GBIF: 5406817
GRIN: 24855
iNaturalist: 122768
IPNI: 586076-1
IRMNG: 10194071
ITIS: 18125
IUCN: 33986
MoBotPF: 282832
NBN: NHMSYS0021196338
NCBI: 51089
NZOR: 053368a5-a97c-4b0f-aea8-4d25bd37bd1f
Observation.org: 521492
Open Tree of Life: 710320
Plant List: kew-2500629
PLANTS: MYFR3
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:586076-1
Tropicos: 21800077
WFO: wfo-0000447317

Categories:

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Description

Taxonomy

Uses

See also

References