| Emission nebula | |
|---|---|
| Planetary nebula | |
 Hubble Space Telescope image of NGC 2818 (red: nitrogen, green: hydrogen, blue: oxygen) | |
| Observation data: J2000.0[1] epoch | |
| Right ascension | 09h 16m 01.656s[1] |
| Declination | −36° 37′ 38.76″[1] |
| Distance | 10,400 [2] ly |
| Apparent dimensions (V) | 2' [2] |
| Constellation | Pyxis |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Radius | 3.25 [2] ly |
| Designations | NGC 2818,[1] PLN 261+8.1[2] ESO 372-PN13 |
NGC 2818 is a planetary nebula located in the southern constellation Pyxis (The Compass). It consists largely of glowing gases from the star's outer layers ejected during the final stages of its life when it had run out of the fuel necessary to sustain its core fusion processes. The remnants of its core will remain as a white dwarf.[3]
NGC 2818 presents a complex morphology, and overall has bipolar structure, making it a bipolar nebula. The two lobes are somewhat broken and irregular. There are also filamentary structures radiating from the center, and near the center of the nebula, several cometary knots.[4] The mass of the nebula is estimated at 0.6 solar masses.[4] It is about 11,000 years old.[5]
The progenitor star was likely about 2.3 times the mass of the Sun.[4] The central star is very hot, with an effective temperature of 130 kK.[5]
Open cluster membership
NGC 2818 appears very close to the open cluster NGC 2818A. Whether it is a member of the open cluster has been controversial: earlier papers found the radial velocity differences between the planetary nebula and open cluster to a chance alignment.[6][7] However, more recent studies suggest that NGC 2818 is indeed a member of NGC 2818A.[5]
Partly because of their small total mass, open clusters have relatively poor gravitational cohesion. Consequently, open clusters tend to disperse after a relatively short time, typically some 10 million years, because of external gravitational influences amid other factors. Under exceptional conditions, open clusters can remain intact for up to 100 million years.
Theoretical models predict that planetary nebulae can form from main-sequence stars of between 8 and 1 solar masses, which puts their age at 40 million years and older. Although there are a few hundred known open clusters within that age range, a variety of reasons limit the chances of finding a member of an open cluster in a planetary nebula phase. One such reason is that the planetary nebula phase for more massive stars belonging to younger clusters is on the order of thousands of years - a blink of the eye in cosmic terms. Only one association has been established between open clusters and nearby nebulae, the extremely distant nebula PHR 1315-6555.[8]
References
- ^ a b c d SIMBAD, NGC 2818 (accessed 1 March 2009)
- ^ a b c d ScientificBlogging.com, NGC 2818 - A Nebula Within a Cluster Inside A Compass Deprecated link archived 2013-02-02 at archive.today, staff writer, 2009 January 15th 01:00 AM (accessed 1 March 2009)
- ^ "HubbleSite - NewsCenter - Hubble Snaps a Splendid Planetary Nebula (01/15/2009) - Release Images". hubblesite.org. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ a b c Derlopa, S.; Akras, S.; Amram, P.; Boumis, P.; Chiotellis, A.; De Oliveira, C Mendes (2024). "Planetary Nebula NGC 2818: Revealing its complex 3D morphology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 530 (3): 3327–3341. arXiv:2405.00169. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1013.
- ^ a b c Fragkou, Vasiliki; Vázquez, Roberto; Parker, Quentin A.; Gonçalves, Denise R.; Lomelí-Núñez, Luis (2025). "The physical association of planetary nebula NGC 2818 with open cluster NGC 2818A". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 696: A146. arXiv:2503.19287. Bibcode:2025A&A...696A.146F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453031.
- ^ Mermilliod, J.-C.; Clariá, J. J.; Andersen, J.; Piatti, A. E.; Mayor, M. (2001). "Red giants in open clusters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 375: 30–39. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010845. hdl:11336/80648.
- ^ Majaess, Daniel J.; Turner, David G.; Lane, David J. (2007). "In Search of Possible Associations between Planetary Nebulae and Open Clusters". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 119 (862): 1349–1360. arXiv:0710.2900. Bibcode:2007PASP..119.1349M. doi:10.1086/524414.
- ^ "First planetary nebula associated with an open cluster discovered". Deep Sky Observer's Companion – the online database. September 16, 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
External links
