They shall not pass

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They shall not pass

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(Redirected from No Pasaran)

"They shall not pass" (French: Ils ne passeront pas and French: On ne passe pas; Romanian: Pe aici nu se trece; Spanish: No pasarán) is a slogan, notably used by France in World War I, to express a determination to defend a position against an enemy. Its Spanish-language form was also used as an anti-fascist slogan during the Spanish Civil War by the Republican faction.

Origin

[edit]

The widespread use of the slogan originates from the 1916 Battle of Verdun in the First World War when French Army General Robert Nivelle urged his troops not to let the enemy pass.^[2] The simplified slogan of "they shall not pass" appeared on French war propaganda posters, most notably by French artist Maurice Neumont [fr] in the last year of the war after the Allied victory at the Second Battle of the Marne.^[2]

Later during the First World War, the slogan was also used by Romanian Army soldiers during the Battle of Mărășești, with the Romanian translation of the phrase being "Pe aici nu se trece", translating as "One does not pass through here."

Later use

[edit]

French socialist politician Léon Blum (SFIO), in 1934, used this sentence "Ils ne passeront pas !" against the Ligue's demonstration of 6 February.^[3] Ils ("they") designated the nationalist protesters.

It was also used during the Spanish Civil War, this time at the siege of Madrid by Dolores Ibárruri Gómez ("Pasionaria"), a member of the Communist Party of Spain, in her famous "No pasarán" speech.^[4] The leader of the Nationalist forces, Generalísimo Francisco Franco, upon gaining Madrid, responded to this slogan by declaring "Hemos pasado" ("We have passed").

"¡No pasarán!" was used by British anti-fascists during the October 1936 Battle of Cable Street, and is still used in this context in some political circles. It was often accompanied by the words ¡Nosotros pasaremos! (we will pass) to indicate that communists rather than fascists will be the ones to seize state power.^[5]

The slogan was adopted on uniform badges by French units manning the Maginot Line.^{[citation needed]}

The phrase was brought to the public consciousness again following action in December 1943 by French-Canadian officer Paul Triquet of the Royal 22^e Regiment; his action included his use of Nivelle's phrase "to win a key objective at Ortona, Italy, in the face of overwhelming German opposition."^[6]

In the 1980s, the phrase ¡No pasarán! was a theme in the Central American crisis, particularly in the Nicaraguan Revolution.^[7] Nicaragua no pasarán is also the title of a 1984 documentary by David Bradbury about the events in Nicaragua that led to the overthrow of Somoza's dictatorship.^[8]^[9]^[10]

In 2024, it has been adopted as motto by the 155th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine) as it has been trained and equipped by France.

Gallery

[edit]

On ne passe pas!, French medal for the Battle of Verdun
Red plaque commemorating the Battle of Cable Street
Tomb of the unknown soldier at the Mausoleum of Mărășești with the inscription "Pe aci nu se trece - Mărășești 1917"

References

[edit]

^ "Allied Posters of World War I: Par deux fois j'ai tenu et vaincu sur la Marne". Temple University Libraries. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
^ ^a ^b Robinson, Tony (September 2018). Battles that Changed History: Epic Conflicts Explored and Explained. DK. p. 197. ISBN 978-0241301937.
^ "1936, le Front Populaire et des lendemains qui chantent". www.franceinter.fr (in French). 17 November 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
^ Ibárruri, D.; Ibárruri, I.D.; Partido Comunista de España (1966). They Shall Not Pass: The Autobiography of La Pasionaria. New world paperbacks. International Publishers. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-7178-0468-9. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
^ Audrey Gillan (2 October 2006). "Day the East End said No pasaran to Blackshirts". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
^ "French Canadian Wins Victoria Cross". Ottawa Citizen. 6 March 1944. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ Kunzle, David (1995). The Murals of Revolutionary Nicaragua, 1979–1992. University of California Press. p. 168. ISBN 9780520081925.
^ Kallen, Stuart A. (2009). The Aftermath of the Sandinista Revolution. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 152. ISBN 9780822590910.
^ "Nicaragua: No Pasaran". Frontline Films. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
^ FitzSimons, Trish; Laughren, Pat; Williamson, Dugald (2011). Australian Documentary: History, Practices and Genres. Cambridge University Press. p. 267. ISBN 9780521167994.

World War I

Theatres

European	Balkans Serbia Western Front Eastern Front Romania Italian Front
Middle Eastern	Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia Hejaz & Levant
African	South West East Kamerun Togoland North
Asian and Pacific	Tsingtao German Samoa German New Guinea
Naval warfare	U-boat campaign North Atlantic Mediterranean

Principal
participants

Entente Powers	Leaders Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Hejaz Italy Japan Empire of Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia Siam United Kingdom British Empire United States
Central Powers	Leaders Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Senussi South African Republic Darfur

Timeline

Pre-War conflicts	Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) Scramble for Africa (1880–1914) Russo-Japanese War (1905) Tangier Crisis (1905–06) Bosnian Crisis (1908–09) Agadir Crisis (1911) Italo-Turkish War (1911–12) First Balkan War (1912–13) Second Balkan War (1913)
Prelude	Origins Historiography Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis
1914	German invasion of Belgium Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer Battle of Galicia Russian invasion of East Prussia Battle of Tannenberg Siege of Tsingtao First Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Grand Couronné First Battle of the Marne Siege of Przemyśl Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres Black Sea raid Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Christmas truce
1915	Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Łomża Second Battle of Ypres Sinking of the RMS Lusitania Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice–Tarnów offensive Great Retreat Bug-Narew Offensive Siege of Novogeorgievsk Vistula–Bug offensive Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos Battle of Robat Karim
1916	Erzurum offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov offensive Baranovichi offensive Battle of Romani Monastir offensive Battle of Transylvania
1917	Capture of Baghdad February Revolution Zimmermann telegram Second battle of Arras Second battle of the Aisne Kerensky offensive Battle of Mărăști Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) Battle of Mărășești Third Battle of Oituz Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine offensive October Revolution Battle of La Malmaison Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Focșani Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1918	Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest-Litovsk German spring offensive Zeebrugge Raid Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 Battle of Goychay Second Battle of the Piave River Second Battle of the Marne Hundred Days Offensive Vardar offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse–Argonne offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Second Romanian campaign Armistice with Germany Naval Victory Bulletin Armistice of Belgrade
Co-belligerent conflicts	Somaliland campaign (1900–1920) Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) Maritz rebellion (1914–15) Muscat rebellion (1913–1920) Zaian War (1914–1921) Kurdish rebellions (1914–1917) Ovambo Uprising (1914–1917) Kelantan rebellion (1915) Senussi campaign (1915–1917) Volta-Bani War (1915–1917) National Protection War Arab Revolt (1916–1918) Central Asian Revolt (1916–17) Invasion of Darfur (1916) Easter Rising (1916) Kaocen revolt (1916–17) Russian Revolution (1917) Finnish Civil War (1918)
Post-War conflicts	Russian Civil War (1917–1921) Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921) Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920) Armeno-Georgian War (1918) German Revolution (1918–19) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920) Hungarian–Romanian War (1918–19) Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19) Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920) Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920) Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–1920) Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19) Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) Egyptian Revolution (1919) Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920) Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921) Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) Turkish War of Independence Anglo-Turkish War (1918–1923) Franco-Turkish War (1918–1921) Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Turkish–Armenian War (1920) Iraqi Revolt (1920) Vlora War (1920) Franco-Syrian War (1920) Soviet–Georgian War (1921)

Aspects

Warfare

Conscription	Australia Canada Ottoman Empire United Kingdom Ireland United States

Casualties /
Civilian impact

British casualties
- Parliamentarians
Ottoman casualties
Sports
- Rugby
- Olympians

Disease	1899–1923 cholera pandemic 1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia Spanish flu
Occupations	Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia Bulgarian occupations Albania Serbia German occupations Belgium Luxembourg Northeast France Ober Ost Occupied Enemy Territory Administration Russian occupations Eastern Galicia Western Armenia
POWs	Germans in the United States Italians POW locations Canada Germany / camps Switzerland
Refugees	Belgian refugees Netherlands United Kingdom
War crimes	Allied blockades Eastern Mediterranean Mount Lebanon famine Germany Deportations from East Prussia Destruction of Kalisz Sack of Dinant Late Ottoman genocides Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) Pontic Greek genocide Rape of Belgium Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) Massacres of Albanians Ukrainian Canadian internment

Diplomacy

Entry into the war	Austria-Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Ottoman Empire Russia United Kingdom United States
Declarations of war	Austria-Hungary against Serbia UK against Germany Ottomans against the Triple Entente USA against Germany USA against Austria-Hungary
Agreements	Constantinople Agreement Treaty of London Damascus Protocol Bulgaria–Germany treaty Treaty of Darin Sykes–Picot Agreement Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement Paris Economy Pact Treaty of Bucharest Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Peace treaties	Modus vivendi of Acroma Treaties of Brest-Litovsk Russia–Central Powers Ukraine–Central Powers Treaty of Bucharest Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Lausanne

Other

Category

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Origin

Later use

Gallery

See also

References