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Nyungwe language - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nyungwe
Chinyungwe
Native to	Mozambique
Region	Tete Province
Native speakers	490,000 (2017 census)^[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Bantu Nyasa Sena (N40) ? Nyungwe
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`nyu`
Glottolog	`nyun1248`
Guthrie code	`N.43`^[2]

Nyungwe (Cinyungwe, Chinyungwe or Nhungue) is a Bantu language of Mozambique. It is used as a trade language throughout Tete Province. It belongs in the Southeastern Bantu branch, particularly in Guthrie zone N. It is closely related to Sena, Chewa, Nsenga and Tumbuka.

Geographic distribution

Nyungwe is spoken by more than 439,000 people in Mozambique along the Zambezi River, principally in Tete Province.

Official status

While Portuguese is the only official language of Mozambique, Nyungwe is one of the recognized national languages.^[3]^[4]

Phonology

The phonological inventory is:^[5]^[6]

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Mid	e	o
Low	a

Consonants

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2013)

History

Many vocabulary words collected by David Livingstone in Tete in the 1850s, and Courtois in the 1890s are similar to the words in common use by Nyungwe-speaking people today.

Livingstone^[7]	Courtois^[8]	Martins^[9]	Translation
Molungo	Mulungu	Mulungu	God
Mozungo	Muzungu	Muzungu	White man

Examples

Nyungwe	English
Sulo adayanya uxamwali na Moto^[10]	Rabbit makes friends with fire
Munembi: Basílio Gimo	Author: Basílio Gimo
Pantsiku inango sulo akhazunga m’phepete mwa gombe, ndipo mbvuu ikhabzizungirambo icimbadya mauswa yakusvipirira m’phepete mwa gombe momwe mukhana sulomo. Mbvuu iribe kuwona kuti sulo akhali m’phepete mule, na tenepo mbvuu idamuponda mwendo sulo. Ndipo sulo adalira, acipfuwula aciwuza mbvuu kuti: “Iwe mbvuu uli kuwona lini kuti uli kundiponda mwendo?”	One day, rabbit was walking by the river and hippo was also walking there eating grass by the shore of the river where rabbit was. Hippo didn't see that rabbit was by the shore there and so hippo stepped on rabbit's foot. Then rabbit cried, and yowled saying to hippo, "You hippo! Can't you see that you've stepped on my foot?"

References

^ Nyungwe at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
^ "Constituição da República" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13. Retrieved 2013-02-20 – via mozambique.mz.
^ Sitoe, B.; Ngunga, A., eds. (2000). Relatório do II Seminário sobre a Padronização da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas (in Portuguese). Maputo: NELIMO, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.
^ http://lidemo.net/biblioteca/resources/view/nyu/ling/NYU_T000007.pdf Transition primer for Portuguese to Nyungwe
^ Sitoe, B.; Ngunga, A., eds. (2000). Relatório do II Seminário sobre a Padronização da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas (in Portuguese). Maputo: NELIMO, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. pp. 95–99.
^ "David Livingstone; Missionary Travels Chapter 31". thuto.org.
^ Courtois, Victor José (1899). Dicionário Portuguez-Cafre-Tetense (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade.
^ Martins, Manuel dos Anjos (1991). Elementos da língua Nyungwe (in Portuguese). Roma: Missionários Combonianos.
^ Kalivu ka Cinyungwe 1: Bzidapi [Nyungwe Traditional Stories 1: Bzidapi] (in Nyungwe). Nampula: SIL Moçambique. 2010. p. 8. Archived from the original on 2012-03-15 – via lidemo.net.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

External links

O Centro de Estudos de Línguas Moçambicanas (NELIMO)(in Portuguese) The Mozambican authority on languages.
Publications in Nyungwe at lidemo.net (in Portuguese)
A blog about the Nyungwe Bible translation

v t e Languages of Mozambique
Official language	Portuguese
Indigenous languages	Barwe Chewa Chichopi Chitonga Chuwabu Dema Gitonga Kimwani Koti Kunda Lomwe Maindo Makhuwa Makonde Makwe Manyika Nathembo Ndau Ngoni Nsenga Nyungwe Phimbi Ronga Sena Shona Swahili Swati Tawara Tewe Tsonga Tswa Yao
Immigrant languages	English Punjabi Hindi
Sign languages	Mozambican Sign Language

Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) (by Guthrie classification)

Zone N

N10	N11 Manda N12 Ngoni N13 Matengo N14 Mpoto N15 Tonga [N101 Ndendeule N102 Nindi N121 Ngoni of Malawi
N20	N21 Tumbuka [N201 Mwera of Mbamba Bay
N30	N31a Nyanja N31b Cewa N31c Manganja
N40	N41 Nsenga N42 Kunda N43 Nyungwe N44 Sena N45[44] Rue N46[44] Podzo [N441 Sena-Malawi

Zone P

P10	P11 Ndengereko P12 Ruihi P13 Matumbi P14 Ngindo P15 Mbunga
P20	P21 Yao P22 Mwera P23 Makonde P24 Ndonde P25 Mabiha
P30	P31 Makua P32 Lomwe P33 Ngulu P34 Cuabo [P311 Koti P312 Sakati P331 Lomwe of Malawi P341 Moniga

Zone R

R10	R11 Umbundu R12 Ndombe R13 Nyaneka R14 Khumbi [R101 Kuvale R102 Kwisi R103 Mbali
R20	R21 Kwanyama R22 Ndonga R23 Kwambi R24 Ngandyera [R211 Kafima R212 Evale R213 Mbandja R214 Mbalanhu R215 Ndongwena R216 Kwankwa R217 Dombondola R218 Esinga R241 Kwaluudhi R242 Kolonkadhi-Eunda
R30	R31 Herero [R311 North-West Herero R312 Botswana Herero
R40	R41 Yei

Zone S

S10	S11 Korekore S12 Zezuru S13a Manyika S13b Tebe S14 Karanga S15 Ndau S16 Kalanga
S20	S21 Venda
S30	S31a Tswana S31b Kgatla S31c Ngwatu S31d[311] Khalaxadi S32a Pedi S32b Lobedu S33 Sotho [S301 Phalaborwa S302 Kutswe S303 Pai S304 Pulana
S40	S41 Xhosa S42 Zulu S43 Swati S44 (Northern) Ndebele [S401 Old Mfengu S402 Bhaca S403 Hlubi S404 Phuthi S405 Nhlangwini S406 Lala S407 South Ndebele S408 Sumayela Ndebele
S50	S51 Tswa S52[53] Gwamba S53 Tsonga S54 Ronga [S511 Hlengwe
S60	S61 Copi S62 Tonga [S611 Lenge

Italics indicate extinct languages.
Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.

Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates: Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)

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