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Oblast - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An oblast (/ˈɒblæst/ or /ˈɒblɑːst/)^[a]^[b] is a type of administrative division in Bulgaria and several post-Soviet states, including Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Historically, it was used in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. The term oblast is often translated into English as 'region' or 'province'.^[2]^[3] In some countries, oblasts are also known by cognates of the Russian term.

Etymology

The term oblast is borrowed from Russian область (pronounced [ˈobɫəsʲtʲ]), where it is inherited from Old East Slavic, in turn borrowed from Church Slavonic область oblastĭ 'power, empire', formed from the prefix oб- (cognate with Classical Latin ob 'towards, against' and Ancient Greek ἐπί/ἔπι epi 'in power, in charge') and the stem власть vlastǐ 'power, rule'.^[1] In Old East Slavic, it was used alongside оболость obolostǐ—the equivalent of об- 'against' and волость 'territory, state, power' (cognate with English 'wield'; see volost).^[1]^[4]^[2]

History

Russian Empire

In the Russian Empire, oblasts were considered to be administrative units and were included as parts of Governorates General or krais. The majority of then-existing oblasts were on the periphery of the country (e.g. Kars Oblast or Transcaspian Oblast) or covered the areas where Cossacks lived.

Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, oblasts were one of the types of administrative divisions of the union republics. As any administrative units of this level, oblasts were composed of districts (raions) and cities/towns directly under oblasts' jurisdiction. Some oblasts also included autonomous entities called autonomous okrugs. Because of the Soviet Union electrification program under the GOELRO plan, Ivan Alexandrov, as director of the Regionalisation Committee of Gosplan, divided the Soviet Union into thirteen European and eight Asiatic oblasts, using rational economic planning rather than "the vestiges of lost sovereign rights".^[5]

The names of oblasts did not usually correspond to the names of the respective historical regions, as they were created as purely administrative units. With a few exceptions, Soviet oblasts were named after their administrative centers.

Yugoslavia

In 1922, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was divided into 33 administrative divisions also called oblasts. In 1929, oblasts were replaced with larger administrative units known as banovinas.

During the Yugoslav Wars, several Serb Autonomous Oblasts were formed in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. These oblasts were later merged into the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Republika Srpska.

Modern oblasts

Bulgaria

Since 1999, Bulgaria has been divided into 28 oblasts, usually translated as "provinces". Before, the country was divided into just nine units, also called oblasts.

Post-Soviet states

Territorial entity	Local term	English term	Details	Comment
Armenia	marz	province or region^[6]	see: marz (country subdivision)	Oblast in the Russian version of a 1995 law.^[7]
Belarus	voblasts (voblasc) / oblast	region^[8]	see: regions of Belarus	Belarusian and Russian are both state languages.
Kazakhstan	oblys	region	see: regions of Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan	oblus / oblast	region	see: regions of Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyz and Russian are both official languages
Russia	oblast	oblast or region^[9]	see: oblasts of Russia	According to the Constitution of Russia, oblasts are considered to be subjects of the Federation, which is a higher status than that of administrative units they had within the Russian SFSR before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The federal subject status gives the oblasts some degree of autonomy and gives them representation in the Federation Council.
Tajikistan	viloyat	region	see: regions of Tajikistan
Turkmenistan	welaýat	region^[10]	see: regions of Turkmenistan
Ukraine	oblast	oblast or region^[11]^[12]	see: oblasts of Ukraine	In Ukraine, an oblast (Ukrainian: область [ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ] ^ⓘ; in English called a province or region) refers to one of the country's 24 primary administrative units. Since Ukraine is a unitary state, the provinces (or regions) do not have much legal scope of competence other than that which is established in the Ukrainian Constitution and by law. Articles 140–146 of Chapter XI of the constitution deal directly with local authorities and their competency. Oblasts are further subdivided into raions (districts), ranging in number from 3 to 10 per entity.
Uzbekistan	viloyat	region^[13]	see: regions of Uzbekistan

Viloyat and welaýat are derived from the Turkish language term vilayet, itself derived from the Arabic language term wilāya (ولاية).

Notes

^ Plural: oblasts, oblasti (from Russian области), or rarely oblasty.^[1]
^ Russian: область [ˈobɫəsʲtʲ]; Ukrainian: область [ˈɔbɫɐsʲtʲ]; Belarusian: вобласць, romanized: vobłaść [ˈvobɫɐsʲtɕʲ]; Polish: obwód [ˈɔbvut]; Serbian: област / oblast [ôbɫaːst]; Bulgarian and Macedonian: област / oblast [ˈɔbɫɐst]; Kazakh: облыс / oblys [ˈwobɫɤs]; Kyrgyz: облус / oblus [ˈɔbɫʊs]; Bashkir and Tatar: өлкә / ölkä [øʎˈcɛ]; Ossetian: облæст / oblæst [ˈobɫɐstʰ]; Tajik and Uzbek: вилоят / viloyat [ʋɪlɔˈjætʰ]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "oblast, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, July 2023, doi:10.1093/OED/6423855087, retrieved 2023-12-01
^ ^a ^b "Oblast definition and meaning", Collins English Dictionary, retrieved 25 December 2022
^ "What Is An Oblast?", World Atlas, 2017, retrieved 25 December 2022
^ Фасмера, Макса (2006). "область". Этимологический онлайн-словарь русского (in Russian) (4th ed.). Retrieved May 1, 2023.
^ Ekonomicheskoe raionirovanie Rossii, Gosplan, Moscow 1921
^ "Government - Regions - The Government of Armenia". gov.am.
^ "Legislation: National Assembly of RA". parliament.am.
^ "Geography, Belarus - Belarus.by". belarus.by.
^ "Chapter 3. The Federal Structure - The Constitution of the Russian Federation". constitution.ru. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
^ "Microsoft Word - Newsletter II-2 2010-06-30.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-03-07.
^ "Regions of Ukraine - MFA of Ukraine". mfa.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
^ "Ukraine's Snap Parliamentary Elections". Ria Novosti. Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
^ "The Governmental portal of the Republic of Uzbekistan - Local authority". Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-10-16.

External links

Media related to Oblasts at Wikimedia Commons

Links to related articles

v t e Slavic-language terms for administrative divisions
Current	dzielnica gmina hromada krai kraj krajina / pokrajina městys mjesna zajednica obec oblast / oblast' / oblasti / oblys / obwód / voblasts' okręg okres okrug okruha opština / općina / občina / obshtina osiedle powiat raion selsoviet / silrada sołectwo starosta okruh voivodeship / vojvodina županija
Historical	darugha gromada guberniya / gubernia jurydyka khutor obshchina okolia opole pogost povit prowincja sorok srez starostwo / starostva uezd volost ziemia / zemlja župa uchastok

Designations for types of administrative division

English terms

Common English terms

Area	Insular area Local government area Special area Unincorporated area Unorganized area
Borough	County borough Metropolitan borough
Canton	Half-canton
Capital	Federal capital Imperial capital
City	Autonomous city Charter city Independent city Incorporated city Imperial city Free imperial city Royal free city
Community	Autonomous community Residential community
County	Administrative county Autonomous county Consolidated city-county County seat County town Metropolitan county Non-metropolitan county Regional county municipality Viscounty
Country	Overseas country
Department	Overseas department
District	Capital district City district Congressional district Electoral district Federal district Indian government district Land district Local government district Metropolitan district Non-metropolitan district Military district Municipal district Police district Regional district Rural district Sanitary district Service district Educational service district Local service district School district Intermediate school district Special district in the US Urban district
Division	Census division Police division Subdivision of India
Indian reserve/reservation	Indian reservation (United States) Indian reserve (Canada)
Municipality	City municipality County municipality Direct-controlled municipality District municipality Neutral municipality Regional municipality Resort municipality Mountain resort municipality Rural municipality Specialized municipality
Prefecture	Autonomous prefecture Subprefecture Super-prefecture Praetorian prefecture
Province	Autonomous province Overseas province Roman province
Region	Administrative region Special administrative region Autonomous region Capital region National capital region Development region Mesoregion Microregion Overseas region Subregion
State	Proto-state City-state Federal state Free state Sovereign state
Territory	Capital territory Federal capital territory National capital territory Dependent territory Federal territory Incorporated territory Organized incorporated territory Overseas territory Union territory
Town	Census town Market town
Township	Charter township Civil township Paper township Survey township Urban township
Unit	Regional unit Territorial unit Autonomous territorial unit
Zone	Economic zone Exclusive economic zone Free economic zone Special economic zone Exclusion zone Military exclusion zone Free speech zone Neutral zone Self-administered zone Trade zone Free-trade zone

Other English terms

Current

Historical

Non-English terms or loanwords