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Arctoidea Temporal range: Eocene - Holocene, 46–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Caniformia
Clade:	Canoidea
Infraorder:	Arctoidea Flower, 1869
Subclades
†Lonchocyon Ursoidea Mustelida Musteloidea Pan-Pinnipedia Wolsan et al., 2020^[1] †Amphicynodontidae? †Semantoridae Pinnipedimorpha

Arctoidea is a clade of mostly carnivorous mammals which include the extinct Hemicyonidae (dog-bears), and the extant Musteloidea (weasels, raccoons, skunks, red pandas), Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions), and Ursidae (bears), found in all continents from the Eocene, 46 million years ago, to the present.^[2] The oldest group of the clade is the bears, as their CMAH gene is still intact. The gene became non-functional in the common ancestor of the Mustelida (the musteloids and pinnipeds).^[3] Arctoids are caniforms, along with dogs (canids) and extinct bear dogs (Amphicyonidae). The earliest caniforms were superficially similar to martens, which are tree-dwelling mustelids. Together with feliforms, caniforms compose the order Carnivora; sometimes Arctoidea can be considered a separate suborder from Caniformia and a sister taxon to Feliformia.

Systematics

Arctoidea was named by Flower (1869). It was reranked as the unranked clade Arctoidea by Hunt (2001), Hunt (2002) and Hunt (2002); it was reranked as the infraorder Arctoidea by Koretsky (2001), Zhai et al. (2003) and Labs Hochstein (2007). It was assigned to Carnivora by Flower (1883), Barnes (1987), Barnes (1988), Carroll (1988), Barnes (1989), Barnes (1992), Hunt (2001), Hunt (2002) and Hunt (2002); and to Caniformia by Tedford (1976), Bryant (1991), Wang and Tedford (1992), Tedford et al. (1994), Koretsky (2001), Zhai et al. (2003), Wang et al. (2005), Owen (2006), Peigné et al. (2006) and Labs Hochstein (2007).^[4]^[5]^[6]

Phylogeny

The cladogram is based on molecular phylogeny of six genes in Flynn (2005),^[7] with the musteloids updated following the multigene analysis of Law et al. (2018).^[8]

Caniformia

Amphicyonidae†

Canidae

Arctoidea

References

^ de Queiroz, K.; Cantino, P. D.; Gauthier, J. A. (2020). Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0429821219.
^ "Paleobiology Database: Arctoidea Basic info"^{[permanent dead link‍]}.
^ Ng, Preston S.K.; Böhm, Raphael; Hartley-Tassell, Lauren E.; Steen, Jason A.; Wang, Hui; Lukowski, Samuel W.; Hawthorne, Paula L.; Trezise, Ann E.O.; Coloe, Peter J.; Grimmond, Sean M.; Haselhorst, Thomas; von Itzstein, Mark; Paton, Adrienne W.; Paton, James C.; Jennings, Michael P. (2014). "Ferrets exclusively synthesize Neu5Ac and express naturally humanized influenza a virus receptors". Nature Communications. 5: 5750. doi:10.1038/ncomms6750. PMC 4351649. PMID 25517696.
^ R. M. Hunt. 2001. "Small Oligocene amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora)". American Museum Novitates 3331:1–20
^ I. Koretsky. 2001. "Morphology and systematics of Miocene Phocinae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Paratethys and the North Atlantic region". Geologica Hungarica Series Palaeontologica 54:1–109
^ J. Labs Hochstein. 2007. "A new species of Zodiolestes (Mammalia, Mustelidae) from the early Miocene of Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(2):532–534
^ Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317–37. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326. PMID 16012099.
^ Law, Chris J.; Slater, Graham J.; Mehta, Rita S. (2018-01-01). "Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods". Systematic Biology. 67 (1): 127–144. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx047. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 28472434.

Extant Carnivora species

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Feliformia ("cat-like" carnivorans)

Feliformia

African palm civet (Nandinia binotata)

Feloidea

Prionodon (Asiatic linsangs)

Felidae (cats)

Pantherinae

Neofelis	Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi) Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
Panthera	Snow leopard (P. uncia) Tiger (P. tigris) Jaguar (P. onca) Lion (P. leo) Leopard (P. pardus)

Felinae sensu stricto

Bay cat
lineage

Pardofelis	Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Catopuma	Bay cat (C. badia) Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)

Caracal
lineage

Serval (Leptailurus serval)
Caracal	African golden cat (C. aurata) Caracal (C. caracal)

Leopardus

Lynx

Puma
lineage

Acinonyx	Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi)
Puma	Cougar (P. concolor)

Leopard cat
lineage

Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul)
Prionailurus	Leopard cat (P. bengalensis) Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis) Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)

Felis

Viverroidea

- see below↓

Binturong (Arctictis binturong) Small-toothed palm civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata) Sulawesi palm civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroekii) Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata)
Paradoxurus	Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus) Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni) Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)

Viverrinae
sensu lato

Viverrinae
sensu stricto

Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) African civet (Civettictis civetta)
Viverra	Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina) Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila) Malayan civet (V. tangalunga) Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)

Genettinae

Poiana
(African linsangs)

Genetta
(genets)

Herpestoidea	see below↓

Herpestoidea

Hyaenidae
(hyenas)

Proteles

Aardwolf (P. cristata)

Hyaeninae
(bone-crushing hyenas)

Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) Brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea)
Crocuta	Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)

Herpestidae sensu lato

Eupleridae
(Malagasy
carnivorans)

Euplerinae

Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana)
Eupleres	Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii) Western falanouc (E. major)

Galidiinae

Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans)
Galidictis	Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata) Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Narrow-striped mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata)
Salanoia	Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor) Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)

Herpestidae
sensu stricto
(mongooses)

Mungotinae

Suricata	Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Liberian mongoose (Liberiictus kuhni)
Mungos	Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus) Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Pousargues's mongoose (Dologale dybowskii)
Helogale	Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula) Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Crossarchus	Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri) Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei) Common kusimanse (C. obscurus) Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)

Herpestinae

Marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus) Long-nosed mongoose (Xenogale naso)
Urva	Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata) Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura) Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii) Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca) Javan mongoose (U. javanica) Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata) Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii) Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva) Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)
White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda) Yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata) Selous's mongoose (Paracynictis selousi) Meller's mongoose (Rhynchogale melleri)
Bdeogale	Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda) Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni) Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Herpestes	Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens) Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea) Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta) Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)

Caniformia ("dog-like" carnivorans)

Canidae (dogs)

Urocyon

Vulpini

Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis)
Nyctereutes	Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides) Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)
Vulpes (foxes)	Bengal fox (V. bengalensis) Blanford's fox (V. cana) Cape fox (V. chama) Corsac fox (V. corsac) Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata) Arctic fox (V. lagopus) Kit fox (V. macrotis) Pale fox (V. pallida) Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli) Swift fox (V. velox) Red fox (V. vulpes) Fennec fox (V. zerda)

Canini
(true dogs)

Cerdocyonina
(zorro)

Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
Speothos	Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis) Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)
Lycalopex	Culpeo (L. culpaeus) Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes) South American gray fox (L. griseus) Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus) Sechuran fox (L. sechurae) Hoary fox (L. vetulus)

Canina
(wolf-like canids)

Lupulella	Side-striped jackal (L. adustus) Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)
African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) Dhole (Cuon alpinus)
Canis	Golden jackal (C. aureus) Domestic dog (C. familiaris) Coyote (C. latrans) African wolf (C. lupaster) Wolf (C. lupus) Eastern wolf (C. lycaon) Red wolf (C. rufus) Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)

Arctoidea

Ursidae
(bears)

Ailuropoda

Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)

Tremarctos

Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)

Ursinae

Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)
Ursus	American black bear (U. americanus) Asian black bear (U. thibetanus) Brown bear (U. arctos) Polar bear (U. maritimus)

Mustelida

Pinnipedia (seals)	see below↓
Musteloidea	see below↓

Pinnipedia (seals)

Odobenidae

Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)

Otariidae
(eared seals:
fur seals,
sea lions)

Callorhinus

Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)

Otariinae

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)
Zalophus	California sea lion (Z. californianus) Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)

South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens)

Neophoca

Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)

New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)

Arctocephalus

Phocidae
(earless seals
or true seals)

Phocinae
("northern seals")

Phocini

Harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata) Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)
Phoca	Spotted seal (P. largha) Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa	Caspian seal (P. caspica) Ringed seal (P. hispida) Baikal seal (P. sibirica)

Monachinae
("southern seals")

Monachini
(monk seals)

Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus)
Neomonachus	Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)

Mirounga
(elephant seals)

Lobodontini
(Antarctic seals)

Musteloidea

Ailuridae

Red panda (Ailurus fulgens)

Mephitidae
(skunks)

Conepatus (hog-nosed skunks)	Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga) Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii) American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus) Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis	Hooded skunk (M. macroura) Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus (stink badgers)	Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis) Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale (spotted skunks)	Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons) Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis) Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius) Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)

Procyonidae

Kinkajou (Potos flavus)

Bassariscus

Procyon
(raccoons)

Bassaricyon
(olingos)

Nasuina
(coatis)

Nasua	South American coati (N. nasua) White-nosed coati (N. narica)
Nasuella	Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis) Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)

Mustelidae

- see below↓

Mustelidae

American badger (Taxidea taxus)

Mellivora

Honey badger (M. capensis)

Melinae
(Eurasian badgers)

Arctonyx	Northern hog badger (A. albogularis) Greater hog badger (A. collaris) Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)
Meles	Japanese badger (M. anakuma) Caucasian badger (M. canescens) Asian badger (M. leucurus) European badger (M. meles)

Melogale
(ferret-badgers)

Guloninae

Tayra (Eira barbara)
Pekania	Fisher (P. pennanti)
Gulo	Wolverine (G. gulo)
Martes (martens)	American marten (M. americana) Pacific marten (M. caurina) Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula) Beech marten (M. foina) Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii) European pine marten (M. martes) Japanese marten (M. melampus) Sable (M. zibellina)

Ictonychinae

Lyncodontini

Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)
Galictis (grisons)	Lesser grison (G. cuja) Greater grison (G. vittata)

Ictonychini
(African polecats)

Vormela	Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)
African striped weasel (Poecilogale albinucha)
Ictonyx	Saharan striped polecat (I. libycus) Striped polecat (I. striatus)

Lutrinae
(otters)

Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)
Lontra	North American river otter (L. canadensis) Marine otter (L. felina) Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis) Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Enhydra	Sea otter (E. lutris)
Spotted-necked otter (Hydrictis maculicollis)
Lutra	Eurasian otter (L. lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale	Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Aonyx	African clawless otter (A. capensis) Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus) Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)

Mustelinae

Neogale

Mustela
(weasels)

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