Panaeolus foenisecii

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Panaeolus foenisecii - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Panaeolus foenisecii

Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Bolbitiaceae
Genus:	Panaeolus
Species:	P. foenisecii
Binomial name
*Panaeolus foenisecii* (Pers.) R.Maire (1933)
Synonyms^[1]
Agaricus foenisecii Pers. (1800) Prunulus foenisecii (Pers.) Gray (1821) Psilocybe foenisecii (Pers.) Quél. (1872) Drosophila foenisecii (Pers.) Quél. (1886) Coprinarius foenisecii (Pers.) J.Schröt. (1889) Psathyra foenisecii (Pers.) G.Bertrand (1901) Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers.) Maire (1933) Psathyrella foenisecii (Pers.) A.H.Sm. (1972)

Panaeolus foenisecii Mycological characteristics
	Gills on hymenium
	Cap is convex
	Hymenium is adnexed
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is blackish-brown
	Ecology is saprotrophic
	Edibility is inedible

Panaeolus foenisecii, commonly called the mower's mushroom, haymaker, haymaker's panaeolus,^[2] or brown hay mushroom, is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom often found on lawns and is not an edible mushroom. In 1963 Tyler and Smith found that this mushroom contains serotonin, 5-HTP and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.^[3] In many field guides it is listed as psychoactive; however, the mushroom does not produce any hallucinogenic effects. ^[4]

Description

Cap: 1 to 3 cm across, conic to convex, chestnut brown to tan, hygrophanous, often with a dark band around the margin which fades as the mushroom dries.^[5]
Gills: Broad, adnate, brown with lighter edges, becoming mottled as the spores mature.^[5]
Stipe: 3 to 8 cm by 1 to 3 mm, fragile, hollow, beige to light brown,^[5] fibrous,^[6] pruinose, and slightly striate.
Taste: A slightly unpleasant nutty fungal taste.
Odor: Nutty, slightly unpleasant.
Spore print: Dark walnut brown.
Microscopic features: Spores measure 12–17 x 7–11 μm, subfusoid to lemon shaped, rough, dextrinoid, with an apical germ pore. Cheilocystidia subfusoid to cylindric or subcapitate, often wavy, up to 50 μm long. Pleurocystidia absent, but some authors report inconspicuous "pseudocystidia". The pileipellis a cellular cuticle with subglobose elements and has pileocystidia.^[7]

Habitat

In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, the species may be the most common to appear in lawns.^[6] It is also found on lawns along the east coast.

Gallery

The following two images are of Panaeolus foenisecii in the wild with two magnifications of the spore print.

Wild Panaeolus foenisecii showing banded cap
stipe and gills
Panaeolus foenisecii spores magnified
Panaeolus foenisecii spores

Similar species

Similar species include Agaricus campestris, Conocybe apala, Marasmius oreades, Psathyrella candolleana, and Psathyrella gracilis.^[5]

It is sometimes mistaken for the psychedelic Panaeolus cinctulus or Panaeolus olivaceus, both of which share the same habitat and can be differentiated by their jet black spores. This is probably why Panaeolus foenisecii is occasionally listed as a psychoactive species in older literature.^{[original research?]}

References

^ "Panaeolus foenisecii (Pers.) Maire 1933". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
^ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
^ Tyler VE, Smith AH (1963). "Protoalkaloids in Panaeolus species". In Mothes K, Schroter HB (eds.). 2 Internationale Arbeitstagung Biochemie und Physiologie der Alkaloide. Berlin, Germany. pp. 45–54.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ John W. Allen & Mark D. Merlin. "Observations Regarding the Suspected Psychoactive Properties of Panaeolus foenisecii Maire". Retrieved 2012-06-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
^ ^a ^b Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
^ "Panaeolus foenisecii (Pers.) Maire 1933". Mushroomexpert.com. Retrieved 2013-03-03.