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Panorpa communis - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Panorpa communis

P. communis male with prey

P. communis female
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Mecoptera
Family:	Panorpidae
Genus:	Panorpa
Species:	P. communis
Binomial name
*Panorpa communis* Linnaeus, 1758

Panorpa communis, the common scorpionfly,^[1] is a species of scorpionfly.

Distribution

This species is native to Europe (Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, and European Russia)^[2] and Northern Asia.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Habitat

These scorpionflies can be usually found in hedgerows and patches of nettle.^[6]

Description

Panorpa communis can reach a body length of about 30 millimetres (1.2 in).^[6] The common scorpionfly has a black and yellow body, with a reddish head and tail. The male has a pair of claspers at the end of its tail (for holding the female during mating),^[6] giving it a scorpion-like appearance,^[6] although it is not a stinger.

The adult insect has a wingspan of about 35 millimetres (1.4 in),^[6] with wings that are mostly clear, but have many dark spots or patches. Its head, mounted with large eyes, is drawn into a prominent, downward pointing beak,^[6] which opens at the tip of its head. Females are longer, heavier, and have longer legs than males.^[7]

In the female, the eighth abdominal segment is the shortest, almost twice shorter than the seventh; the sixth is narrowed towards the back.^[8] The larva resembles a caterpillar and grows up to 20 millimetres (0.79 in) long. It has three pairs of thoracic legs and eight pairs of prolegs.^[9]

Biology and habits

The adult is seen between May and September.^[6] They eat dead insects (although they sometimes eat live aphids), sometimes taking them from spider webs^[6] and plant sap.^[10]

Although fully winged, the adults rarely fly very far and spend much of their time crawling on vegetation in damp, shaded places near water and along hedgerows. Panorpa communis is a univoltine species.^[6] Eggs are laid in soil annually and the larvae both scavenge and pupate there.^[6]

Mating behavior

Males release pheromones and offer nuptial gifts to females in the form of saliva secretions and nuptial prey (usually dead arthropods).^[11] Before offering the nuptial gifts, the male and female, perform ritualized premating behavior, which includes slow wing movements, accompanied by brief sequences of rapid vibrations from their abdomen.^[11] The mating success of females increases with the size of nuptial gifts offered by the male.^[11]

Gallery

Mating (female on the right)
Head detail
Wing detail
Male genitalia
Video clip

References

^ in Kendall Bioresearch
^ Mariánské Lázně, Tři Sekery, Czech Republic; Dvořák, Libor; Ruchin, Alexander B.; Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park «Smolny»; Egorov, Leonid V.; Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park «Smolny»; Prisursky State Nature Reserve; Aleksanov, Victor V.; Parks Directorate of the Kaluga Region; Alekseev, Sergey K.; Parks Directorate of the Kaluga Region; Shulaev, Nikolai V.; Kazan Federal University; Zakharova, Elena Yu.; Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology RAS (2023). "Distribution of species from the genus Panorpa (Mecoptera, Panorpidae) in European Russia except the Caucasus". Nature Conservation Research. 8 (1). doi:10.24189/ncr.2023.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Fauna europaea
^ "Catalogue of life". Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
^ Range at GBIF
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j UK Safari
^ Burrows, M. (2019-01-01). "Jumping and take-off in a winged scorpion fly (Mecoptera, Panorpa communis )". Journal of Experimental Biology. 222 (Pt 18). doi:10.1242/jeb.205385. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 31439653.
^ F. C. Fraser: Handbooks for the identification of British Insects. Vol. I. part 12 and 13. Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera. London: Royal Entomological Society of London, 1959, s. 8–10
^ Strange animals
^ "food" in uksafari.com
^ ^a ^b ^c Hartbauer, Manfred; Gepp, Johannes; Hinteregger, Karin; Koblmüller, Stephan (August 2015). "Diversity of wing patterns and abdomen-generated substrate sounds in 3 European scorpionfly species". Insect Science. 22 (4): 521–531. Bibcode:2015InsSc..22..521H. doi:10.1111/1744-7917.12139. ISSN 1672-9609. PMC 4768358. PMID 24818592.

Taxon identifiers
Panorpa communis	Wikidata: Q127008 Wikispecies: Panorpa communis BioLib: 16863 BOLD: 33140 CoL: 6TMC4 EoL: 2870937 EPPO: PNRPCO EUNIS: 247449 Fauna Europaea: 223719 Fauna Europaea (new): 4c822512-ba18-49f5-91da-5c4ad8e84151 GBIF: 5742495 iNaturalist: 51699 ITIS: 810720 NBN: NHMSYS0000869735 NCBI: 52816 Observation.org: 8890 Open Tree of Life: 276760 ZooBank: 62A6F1FA-4409-4AD6-9A82-B705AE189661

External links

Peter Holden, Geoffrey Abbott RSPB Handbook of Garden Wildlife
Bloomsbury Concise Garden Wildlife Guide

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