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Pendulum Music - Wikipedia

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Pendulum Music (For Microphones, Amplifiers Speakers and Performers)^[1] is the name of a work by Steve Reich, involving suspended microphones and speakers, creating phasing feedback tones. The piece was composed in August 1968 and revised in May 1973, and is an example of process music.^[1]

Overview

Reich came up with the concept while working at the University of Colorado. He was swinging a live microphone in the style of the cowboy's lasso, and noting the produced feedback, he composed for an "orchestra" of microphones.^[2]

Three or more microphones are suspended above the speakers by means of a cable and stand. The microphones are pulled back, switched on, and released over the speaker, and gravity causes them to swing back and forth as pendula. As the microphone nears the speaker, a feedback tone is created. Different lengths of cable will swing at different speeds, creating an overlapping series of feedback squeals. The music created is thus the result of the process of the swinging microphones.

According to Reich, "The piece is ended sometime shortly after all mikes have come to rest and are feeding back a continuous tone by performers pulling the power cords of the amplifiers".^[1] He also added: "If it's done right, it's kind of funny".^[2]

Reich's 1974 book Writings About Music contains the hand-written (1973 revision) description of how to perform the piece.^[1]

Writings About Music contains a photo of a performance at the Whitney Museum of American Art on May 27, 1969. The performers there were Richard Serra, James Tenney, Bruce Nauman and Michael Snow.^[1]

Notable recordings

Experimental rock group Sonic Youth recorded the piece on its 1999 album SYR4: Goodbye 20th Century. The Avant-Garde Ensemble recorded three different versions of "Pendulum Music".^{[full citation needed]} In 2014, composer Daniel Fishkin created a new transcription of the piece, in which, instead of using audio feedback, the feedback takes place in the domain of light, using solar cells and oscilloscopes instead of microphones and loudspeakers.^[3]

In 2012, Richard D James performed a version of the piece using lasers reflected off of giant Newton's cradles.^[4]^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Reich, S. (1974). "Pendulum Music". In Writings About Music (pp. 12–13). The Press of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (Co-published by: New York University Press). ISBN 0-919616-02-X
^ ^a ^b Steve Reich on "Pendulum Music"
^ Pendulum Music (transcribed for oscilloscope and photodiode)
^ Michael, Chris (Oct 11, 2012). "Aphex Twin – review". The Guardian. Barbican, London. Retrieved Nov 21, 2021.
^ Aphex Twin live at Barbican Hall, London, 10/10/12

v t e Steve Reich
Compositions	It's Gonna Rain (1965) Come Out (1966) Reed Phase (1966) Piano Phase (1967) Violin Phase (1967) Pendulum Music (1968) Four Organs (1970) Drumming (1970–1971) Clapping Music (1972) Six Pianos (1973) Music for Mallet Instruments, Voices and Organ (1973) Music for 18 Musicians (1974–1976) Music for a Large Ensemble (1978) Octet (1979) Variations for Winds, Strings and Keyboards (1979) Tehillim (1981) Vermont Counterpoint (1982) Eight Lines (1983) The Desert Music (1984) Sextet (1984) New York Counterpoint (1985) The Four Sections (1987) Electric Counterpoint (1987) Different Trains (1988) The Cave (1993) City Life (1994) Proverb (1995) Triple Quartet (1998) Three Tales (1998–2002) Cello Counterpoint (2003) Daniel Variations (2006) Double Sextet (2007) 2×5 (2008) Mallet Quartet (2009) WTC 9/11 (2010) Radio Rewrite (2013) Quartet (2014) Runner (2016) Pulse (2016) Music for Ensemble and Orchestra (2018) Reich/Richter (2019) Traveler's Prayer (2021)
Related articles	Minimal music Steve Reich and Musicians Works 1965–1995 Kronos Quartet Reich Remixed Reich Richter Pärt
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