Penicillium solitum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Eurotiomycetes
Order:	Eurotiales
Family:	Aspergillaceae
Genus:	Penicillium
Species:	P. solitum
Binomial name
Penicillium solitum Westling, R. 1911[1]
Type strain
ATCC 9923, Biourge 3, CBS 288.36, CBS 424.89, CCT 4377, FRR 0937, IBT 3948, IFO 7765, IMI 039810, IMI 092225, LSHB P52, MUCL 28668, MUCL 29173, NBRC 7765, NCTC 3029, NRRL 937, Thom 2546, Thom 4733.114, Thom, 2546, VKM F-3087[2]
Synonyms[1]
Penicillium majusculum Penicillium casei var. compactum Penicillium mali Penicillium verrucosum var. melanochlorum

Penicillium solitum is an anamorphic, mesophilic, salinity-tolerant, and psychrotolerant species of fungus in the genus Penicillium. It is known to produce various compounds including polygalacturonase, compactin, cyclopenin, cyclopenol, cyclopeptin, dehydrocompactin, dihydrocyclopeptin, palitantin, solistatin, solistatinol, viridicatin, viridicatol.^{[1][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]}

P. Solitum forms dark blueish-green colonies that measure 22–28 mm in diameter on Czaek yeast extract agar, while on malt extract agar, it appears brownish orange. This distinct orange-brown color sets P. solitum apart from other similar Penicillium species,^[10]  making it useful for differentiation. The fungus has been historically isolated from various sources, including cheese rinds,^[11] cured meats,^[12] and the Antarctic environment.^[13] It was specifically isolated from air-dried lamb thighs on the Faore island.^{[8][failed verification]} During the production of traditional Tyrolean smoked and cured ham, both Penicillium solitum and Eurotium rubrum are commonly found.^[14]

Furthermore, Penicillium solitum is known to be a pathogen of pomaceous fruit,^[15]P. solitum causes blue rot in pome fruits through its production of polygalacturonase, which breaks down the apple’s cell wall.^[10]

• Gonçalves, Vívian N.; Campos, Lúcia S.; Melo, Itamar S.; Pellizari, Vivian H.; Rosa, Carlos A.; Rosa, Luiz H. (2013). "Penicillium solitum: A mesophilic, psychrotolerant fungus present in marine sediments from Antarctica". Polar Biology. 36 (12): 1823. doi:10.1007/s00300-013-1403-8. S2CID 14987402.
• Eldarov, Michael A.; Mardanov, Andrey V.; Beletsky, Alexey V.; Dzhavakhiya, Vakhtang V.; Ravin, Nikolai V.; Skryabin, Konstantin G. (2012). "Complete mitochondrial genome of compactin-producing fungus Penicillium solitum and comparative analysis of Trichocomaceae mitochondrial genomes". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 329 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02497.x. PMID 22239643.
• Pitt, J. I. (1991). "Penicillium solitum Revived, and its Role as a Pathogen of Pomaceous Fruit". Phytopathology. 81 (10): 1108. doi:10.1094/Phyto-81-1108.
• Chinaglia, Selene; Chiarelli, Laurent R.; Maggi, Maristella; Rodolfi, Marinella; Valentini, Giovanna; Picco, Anna Maria (2014). "Biochemistry of lipolytic enzymes secreted by Penicillium solitumand Cladosporium cladosporioides". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 78 (2): 245–254. doi:10.1080/09168451.2014.882752. PMID 25036677. S2CID 10758817.
• Stierle, Donald B.; Stierle, Andrea A.; Girtsman, Teri; McIntyre, Kyle; Nichols, Jesse (2012). "Caspase-1 and -3 Inhibiting Drimane Sesquiterpenoids from the Extremophilic Fungus Penicillium solitum". Journal of Natural Products. 75 (2): 262–266. doi:10.1021/np200528n. PMC 3330828. PMID 22276851.
• Sorensen, D; Ostenfeldlarsen, T; Christophersen, C; Nielsen, P; Anthoni, U (1999). "Solistatin, an aromatic compactin analogue from Penicillium solitum". Phytochemistry. 51 (8): 1027. Bibcode:1999PChem..51.1027S. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00015-1. S2CID 84523735.
• Romanovskaya, I. I.; Bondarenko, G. I.; Davidenko, T. I. (2008). "Immobilization of Penicillium solitum lipase on the carbon fiber material "Dnepr-MN"". Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 42 (6): 360. doi:10.1007/s11094-008-0127-5. S2CID 44318736.
• Yan, Mengxia; Mao, Wenjun; Chen, Chenglong; Kong, Xianglan; Gu, Qianqun; Li, Na; Liu, Xue; Wang, Baofeng; Wang, Shuyao; Xiao, Bo (2014). "Structural elucidation of the exopolysaccharide produced by the mangrove fungus Penicillium solitum". Carbohydrate Polymers. 111: 485–91. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.013. PMID 25037379.
• Jurick, W. M.; Vico, I; McEvoy, J. L.; Whitaker, B. D.; Janisiewicz, W; Conway, W. S. (2009). "Isolation, purification, and characterization of a polygalacturonase produced in Penicillium solitum-decayed 'Golden Delicious' apple fruit". Phytopathology. 99 (6): 636–41. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-99-6-0636. PMID 19453221.
• John I. Pitt; A.D. Hocking (2012). Fungi and Food Spoilage. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1461563914.
• Atta-ur- Rahman (2013). Studies in Natural Products Chemistry volume 39. Newnes. ISBN 978-0444626097.