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  3. Pnar language - Wikipedia
Pnar language - Wikipedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pnar
Jaiñtia
Ka Ktien Pnar
Pronunciation/kɑ kt̪eːn pnɑr/
Native toIndia, Bangladesh
EthnicityPnar people
Native speakers
395,124 (2011 census)[1]
Austroasiatic
Language codes
ISO 639-3pbv
Glottologpnar1238
Map of the Pnar Language
Pnar is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[2]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Pnar (Ka Ktien Pnar), also known as Jaiñtia[3] is an Austroasiatic language spoken in India and Bangladesh.

Geographic distribution

As a Khasic language, Pnar belongs to a complex dialect continuum which includes mixed varieties whose exact relations remain a matter of debate among linguists. A language map of Meghalaya designed by Anna Daladier shows two major Pnar-speaking areas separated by a thin strip of Khasi and War-speaking areas. Together, the two Pnar areas encompass most of the East Jaintia Hills, West Jaintia Hills and West Khasi Hills districts.[4]

A more recent map designed by Hiram Ring for a Khasic languages handbook by Paul Sidwell relies on a different classification. There, only the former two districts are labeled as Pnar, whereas the varieties spoken in the West Khasi Hills belong to Maharam, a related but distinct language. Both maps also show small pockets of Pnar speakers in the neighboring state of Assam, In the former map, they are limited to the area directly adjacent to Meghalaya, whereas the latter map also shows a group of Pnar-speaking villages around Haflong.[5]

Phonology

Pnar has 30 phonemes: 7 vowels and 23 consonants. Other sounds listed below are phonetic realizations.[6] The sounds in brackets are phonetic realizations and the sounds in slashes are phonemes.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close /i/ [ɨ] /u/
Near-close [ɪ] [ʊ]
Close-mid /e/ /o/
Mid [ə]
Open-mid /ɛ/ [ʌ] /ɔ/
Open /ɑ/

There is also one diphthong: /ia/.

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal /m/ /n/ /ɲ/ /ŋ/
Plosive voiceless /p/ /t̪/ /t/ /tʃ/ /k/ /ʔ/
voiced /b/ /d̪/ /d/ /dʒ/
voiceless aspirated /pʰ/ /t̪ʰ/ [tʃʰ] /kʰ/
voiced aspirated [bʱ] [d̪ʱ] [dʒʱ]
Fricative /s/ /h/
Trill /r/
Approximant median /w/ /j/
Lateral /l/

Syllable structure

Syllables in Pnar can consist of a single nucleic vowel. Maximally, they can include a complex onset of two consonants, a diphthong nucleus, and a coda consonant. A second type of syllable contains a syllabic nasal/trill/lateral immediately following the onset consonant. This syllabic consonant behaves as the rhyme. (Ring, 2012: 141–2)

Grammar

Pnar has a grammatical gender system, and its default word order is verb initial, unusual both for its family, and the area in which it's spoken.[7]

References

  1. ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. ^ "World Atlas of Languages: Pnar". en.wal.unesco.org. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
  3. ^ Sidwell, Paul (2005). The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-802-7.
  4. ^ Nagaraja, K. S.; Sidwell, Paul; Greenhill, Simon (2013). "A lexicostatistical study of the Khasian languages: Khasi, Pnar, Lyngngam, and Wae". Mon-Khmer Studies. 42: 1‒11.
  5. ^ Sidwell, Paul. "Khasian Languages Project".
  6. ^ Ring, Hiram (2012). "A phonetic description and phonemic analysis of Jowai-Pnar". Mon-Khmer Studies. 40: 133–175.
  7. ^ Ring, Hiram (2015). A Grammar of Pnar (PhD thesis). Nanyang Technological University.
  • Choudhary, Narayam Kumar (2004). Word Order in Pnar (PDF) (Masters thesis). Jawaharlal Nehru University. p. 87. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  • Ring, Hiram (2015). A Grammar of Pnar (PhD thesis). Nanyang Technological University.
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