The Pollyanna principle (also called Pollyannaism or positivity bias) is the tendency for people to remember pleasant items more accurately than unpleasant ones.[1] Research indicates that at the subconscious level, the mind tends to focus on the optimistic; while at the conscious level, it tends to focus on the negative. This subconscious bias is similar to the Barnum effect.[2]
Development
The name derives from the 1913 novel Pollyanna by Eleanor H. Porter describing a girl who plays the "glad game"—trying to find something to be glad about in every situation. The novel has been adapted to film several times, most famously in 1920 and 1960. An early use of the name "Pollyanna" in psychological literature was in 1969 by Boucher and Osgood who described a Pollyanna hypothesis as a universal human tendency to use positive words more frequently and diversely than negative words in communicating.[3] Empirical evidence for this tendency has been provided by computational analyses of large corpora of text.[4][5]
The story of Pollyanna is about an orphaned little girl, who is sent to live with her Aunt Polly, who is known for being stiff, strict, and proper. When thrown into this environment, Pollyanna seeks to keep and spread her optimism to others. This beloved literary character's story shares the message that despite how hard things may seem, a sunny disposition can turn anyone and anything around.
Psychological research and findings
The Pollyanna principle was described by Margaret Matlin and David Stang in 1978 using the archetype of Pollyanna more specifically as a psychological principle which portrays the positive bias people have when thinking of the past. According to the Pollyanna principle, the brain processes information that is pleasing and agreeable in a more precise and exact manner as compared to unpleasant information. We actually tend to remember past experiences as more rosy than they actually occurred. The researchers found that people expose themselves to positive stimuli and avoid negative stimuli, they take longer to recognize what is unpleasant or threatening than what is pleasant and safe, and they report that they encounter positive stimuli more frequently than they actually do. Matlin and Stang also determined that selective recall was a more likely occurrence when recall was delayed: the longer the delay, the more selective recall that occurred.[6]
The Pollyanna principle has been observed on online social networks as well. For example, a series of studies by Emilio Ferrara, a computer scientist at the University of Southern California, found that Twitter users preferentially share more, and are emotionally affected more frequently by, positive information.[7][8]
However, the only exception to the Pollyanna principle tends to be individuals suffering from depression or anxiety, who are more likely to either have more depressive realism or a negative bias.[9]
Positivity bias
Positivity bias is the part of the Pollyanna principle that attributes reasons to why people may choose positivity over negative or realistic mindsets. In positive psychology, it is broken down into three ideas: positive illusions, self deception, and optimism.[9] Having a positive bias increases with age, as it is more prevalent in adults approaching older adulthood than younger children or adolescents.[10] Older adults tend to pay attention to positive information, and this could be due to a specific focus in cognitive processing. In studies compiled by Andrew Reed and Laura Carstensen, they found that older adults (in comparison to younger adults) purposefully directed their attention away from negative material.[11]
Criticisms
Although the Pollyanna principle can be seen as helpful in some situations, some psychologists say it may inhibit an individual from coping effectively with life obstacles.[12] The Pollyanna principle in some instances can be known as "Pollyanna syndrome" and is defined by such skeptics as a person who is excessively positive and blind towards the negative or real. With regard to therapy or counseling, it is viewed as dangerous to both the therapist and patient.[13]
See also
References
- ^ Matlin & Stang 1978, p. 260.
- ^ Forer 1949.
- ^ Boucher & Osgood 1969.
- ^ Dodds et al. 2015.
- ^ Holtz, Deutschmann & Dobewall 2017.
- ^ Matlin & Stang 1978.
- ^ Ferrara & Yang 2015a.
- ^ Ferrara & Yang 2015b.
- ^ a b Carr 2004.
- ^ Ackerman, C. E. (20 August 2018). "Pollyanna principle: The psychology of positivity bias". Retrieved March 10, 2021.
- ^ Reed, A. E.; Carstensen, L. L. (2012). "The theory behind the age-related positivity effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 339.
- ^ "Pollyanna principle: The ability to focus only on the positive". September 5, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
- ^ Latecki, B. (2017). "Pollyanna syndrome in psychotherapy-or pseudotherapy. counseling, consoling or counterfeiting?". European Psychiatry. 41: S777–S778. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1474. S2CID 148849363.
Bibliography
- Bloch, Arthur (1977). Murphy's Law and other reasons why things go wrong. Price Stern Sloan. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8431-0428-8.
- Boucher, J.; Osgood, C. (1969). "The Pollyanna hypothesis". Journal of Verbal and Learning Behavior. 8 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(69)80002-2.
- Carr, Alan (2004). Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness and Human Strengths. Psychology Press. p. 77. ISBN 9781583919910.
- Dodds, Peter Sheridan; Clark, Eric M.; Desu, Suma; Frank, Morgan R.; Reagan, Andrew J.; Williams, Jake Ryland; Mitchell, Lewis; Harris, Kameron Decker; Kloumann, Isabel M. (2015). "Human language reveals a universal positivity bias". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (8): 2389–2394. arXiv:1406.3855. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.2389D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411678112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4345622. PMID 25675475.
- Ferrara, Emilio; Yang, Zeyao (2015a). "Quantifying the effect of sentiment on information diffusion in social media". PeerJ Computer Science. 1: e26. arXiv:1506.06072. Bibcode:2015arXiv150606072F. doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.26. S2CID 14133100.
- Ferrara, Emilio; Yang, Zeyao (2015b). "Measuring Emotional Contagion in Social Media". PLOS ONE. 10 (11): e0142390. arXiv:1506.06021. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1042390F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142390. PMC 4636231. PMID 26544688.
- Forer, Bertram R. (1949). "The fallacy of personal validation: A classroom demonstration of gullibility" (PDF). The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 44 (1): 118–123. doi:10.1037/h0059240. PMID 18110193.
- Furnham, Adrian; Schofield, Sandra (1987). "Accepting personality test feedback: A review of the Barnum effect". Current Psychology. 6 (2): 162–178. doi:10.1007/BF02686623. S2CID 145284019.
- Hildebrandt, H. W.; Snyder, R. D. (1981). "The Pollyanna Hypothesis in Business Writing: Initial Results, Suggestions for Research" (PDF). Journal of Business Communication. 18 (1): 5–15. doi:10.1177/002194368101800102. hdl:2027.42/68397. S2CID 145261157.
- Holtz, Peter; Deutschmann, Emanuel; Dobewall, Henrik (2017). "Cross-Cultural Psychology and the Rise of Academic Capitalism: Linguistic Changes in CCR and JCCP Articles, 1970–2014". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 48 (9): 1410–1431. doi:10.1177/0022022117724902. hdl:10138/224669. S2CID 55678685.
- Matlin, M. W.; Stang, D. J. (1978). The Pollyanna Principle: Selectivity in Language, Memory, and Thought. Schenkman Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87073-815-9.
- Matlin, M. W.; Gawron, V. J. (1979). "Individual Differences in Pollyannaism". Journal of Personality Assessment. 43 (4): 411–412. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4304_14. PMID 16366974.
- Matlin, Margaret W. (2004). "Pollyanna Principle". In Rüdiger, F. Pohl (ed.). Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking. Taylor & Francis. p. 260. ISBN 9781135844950. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
- Paul, A. M. (2004). The Cult of Personality: How Personality Tests Are Leading Us to Miseducate Our Children, Mismanage Our Companies, and Misunderstand Ourselves. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-4356-8.
- Pearrow, M. (2002). The Wireless Web Usability Handbook. Boston, MA: Charles River Media. ISBN 1-58450-056-5.