| 985工程 | |
 Map showing major universities in mainland China. Project-985 universities are marked in blue. | |
| Predecessor | National Key Universities |
|---|---|
| Successor | Double First-Class Construction |
| Formation | 4 May 1998 |
| Defunct | 2016 |
Region | China |
| Membership | 39 public universities nationwide |
| History of the People's Republic of China |
|---|
.svg) |
 China portal |
Project 985 (Chinese: 985工程) was a higher education development and sponsorship scheme of the Chinese central government for creating world-class higher education institutions, initiated in May 1998. There were 39 universities selected to be part of this program, which are mostly considered top-tier institutions in mainland China.[1][2][3][4]
Project 211 and Project 985 were both initiated by the Jiang Zemin administration in 1990s as part of the "revitalize the country through science and education" strategy. They were nullified in 2016 and replaced by the Double First-Class Construction in 2017, under the Xi Jinping administration.[5][6]
History
On May 4, 1998, Jiang Zemin stated at the 100th anniversary of Peking University that, "in order to achieve modernization, our country must have several first-class universities with world-leading levels."[7]
In January 1999, the State Council of China issued the "Education Revitalization Action Plan for the 21st Century" drafted by the Ministry of Education, deciding to focus on supporting several higher education institutions to create world-class universities and high-level universities. This plan was later referred as the "985 Project", named after Jiang Zemin's speech at the 100th anniversary of Peking University (in May 1998).[8][9][10][4]
The name derives from the date of the announcement, May 1998, or 98/5 according to the Chinese date format.[11] The project involves both national and local governments allocating large amounts of funding to certain universities in order to build new research centers, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad.[12]
On June 7, 2016, the Ministry of Education under Xi Jinping nullified the two projects by invalidating the fundamental documents "Measures for the Implementation and Management of Project 211 Construction" and "Opinions on the Continued Implementation of Project 985 Construction Projects." However, in China, the names 985 and 211 are still commonly used to refer to top universities within mainland China.[13][14][15]
List of Project-985 universities
There were 39 public universities selected by the Chinese central government.[1]
See also
- Double First-Class Construction, a scheme for improving 147 of China's universities
- C9 League, a formal group of 9 elite universities in China
- Project 211, a terminated program for developing more than 100 comprehensive universities in China
- Excellence League, an alliance of leading Chinese universities with strong backgrounds in engineering
- National Key Universities (China)
- Gaokao migration, internal migration in China built around this the gaokao exam
References
- ^ a b ""985工程"学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- ^ ""985"、"211"和"双一流"有什么区别？ —中国教育在线". gaokao.eol.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- ^ "科学网—公众迷恋大学"帽子"本质是期待高质量教育". news.sciencenet.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- ^ a b "我国"985 工程"的运行机制与投入成效分析：基于国际比较与实证研究的视角" (PDF). 北京大学教育经济研究所. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- ^ "教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
- ^ ""985""211"工程将废除 教育部:年内启动"双一流"_新闻频道_中华网". news.china.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
- ^ "江泽民：在庆祝北京大学建校一百周年大会上的讲话_改革大数据服务平台". ReformData.org. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. ""211工程"与"985工程" - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ State Council of the People's Republic of China. "国务院批转教育部2003—2007年教育振兴行动计划的通知 Notice of the State Council on approving and forwarding the Ministry of Education's 2003-2007 Education Revitalization Action Plan". Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ ""985"、"211"和"双一流"有什么区别？ —中国教育在线". gaokao.eol.cn. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ "Project 211 and 985". China Education Center Ltd. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "International Rankings and Chinese Higher Education Reform". World Education News and Reviews. October 2006. Archived from the original on June 27, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ "教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ "涉及985和211工程，教育部宣布失效一批规范性文件-东北农业大学". wwwold.neau.edu.cn. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ "教育部宣布211、985工程多份文件失效！（附全国211、985工程大学清单）_生物探索". www.biodiscover.com. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
