Range war

A range war, also known as range conflict or cattle war, is a type of usually violent conflict, most commonly in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the American West. The subject of these conflicts was control of "open range", or range land freely used for cattle grazing, or as sheep pasture, which gave these conflicts its name. Typically they were disputes over water rights, grazing rights, or cattle ownership.^[1]

Range wars occurred prior to the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, which regulated grazing allotments on public land. Range wars included the Pleasant Valley War, Colfax County War, Castaic Range War, San Elizario Salt War, Mason County War, Porum Range War, Johnson County War, Pecos War, Lincoln County War, Fence Cutting Wars, Sheep Wars, Barber–Mizell feud, Stuart's Stranglers conflict, and others.

While in previous centuries violence may have been involved,^[2] the term is now applied to nonviolent competition for scarce resources, such as between ranchers and environmentalists,^[3] or between ranchers and fans of wild horses.^[4]

A range war is also a slang term for a turf war or disagreement about proper hierarchy or relationship and is often used in a joking manner. In this sense, the term is found in politics^[5] and business.^[6]

In literature and the arts

Range wars have been the subject of movies and novels. Some examples are:

Range War (1939) is a movie (featuring Hopalong Cassidy) about a group of ranchers in conflict with a railway company.
The Westerner (1940) is a film dealing with cattlemen versus homesteaders in a territory run by Judge Roy Bean.
Range War, a 2000 novel by Lauran Paine about the Johnson County War.^[7]
The Virginian, a 1902 novel by Owen Wister, was based on the Johnson County Range War, presenting the case of the large ranchers and justifying the lynchings as frontier justice for cattle rustling. It was adapted four times as films.
Shane is a 1953 movie (featuring Alan Ladd) that tells the story of a gunfighter taking the side of the farmers against cattlemen during a fictional range war loosely based on the Johnson County Range War.
The Redhead from Wyoming a 1953 film with Maureen O'Hara featuring a fictionalised Johnson County War.
Man Without a Star, 1955, with Kirk Douglas.
To The Last Man: A Story of the Pleasant Valley War, is a novel by Western author Zane Grey exploring the Pleasant Valley War in 1880s Arizona.
Oklahoma! (1943 Broadway musical, 1955 film) Rodgers and Hammerstein musical about a cowboy in love with a farm girl, complicated by a rivalry between local farmers and ranchers over fences and water rights.
El Dorado is a 1966 movie about an aging gunfighter who goes "straight" to help a lawman friend after being hired to intervene in a range war.
Centennial (1978) features an episode titled 'The Shepherds', which depicted a range war between cattlemen on one hand, against farmers and sheepherders on the other.
Texas (1985) details the evolving conflicts due to the introduction of barbed wire in cattle country in the 1880s.
Tom Horn (1980), scripted from the journals of Horn, Steve McQueen.
"Johnson County War" is a 1989 song by Country Western singer/songwriter Chris LeDoux for the Powder River album.
"The Range War," a ballad by Todd Rundgren, focuses on a relationship between a boy whose "uncle runs cattle" and a girl whose "daddy runs sheep," and hints their relationship was opposed by both families, fueling this particular range war.^[8]
Open Range (2003), a film in which free-grazers take on a cattle baron who tries to use hired assassins to steal their herd.
A range war was the subject of at least one episode of long-running old time radio show, Gunsmoke, called "Jaliscoe".^[9]
King of Texas is a 2002 American television movie transposing the plot of William Shakespeare's King Lear into the 19th-century American West.
1923 (2023), a prequel to the Yellowstone franchise written by Taylor Sheridan, features a ranch war in several episodes.
Several episodes of Have Gun Will Travel feature the conflict between farmers and ranchers over control of range land.
The 2005 video game Gun also featured a range war described as the "Resistance" that was based around the Colfax County War.^[10]
The 2009 Western game Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood features a side mission that was reminiscent of a range war, involving assisting a settler against a powerful cattleman.^[11]
Range wars were featured in many stories depicting comic book character Jonah Hex.^[12] One of these is the story "Hanging Woman", which was adapted into a motion comic in 2010.

Notes and references

^ Johnson, Marilynn S. Violence in the West: The Johnson County Range War and Ludlow Massacre: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford Series in History & Culture: First edition (2008). p. 12. ISBN 978-0312445799
^ For example, from the Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society site Cecilia Rasmussen. "Castaic Range War Left Up to 21 Dead". Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society. Retrieved 2004-07-04. (sourced from the Los Angeles Times): "The violent, long-running Jenkins-Chormicle feud, which started in 1890 over a boundary dispute, is a colorful and cruel saga – part fact, part myth – of barn burnings, ambushes and gun battles on horseback. It lasted more than two decades." describes a Southern California range war that started in 1890.
^ For example, from the U of Idaho Range Management site Archived 2006-04-27 at the Wayback Machine telling of conflict in Idaho: " Range wars continue, just as they did a century ago, between those who have grazing rights and those who do not. Today these range wars pit ranchers, with state grazing leases, against the environmental groups that are trying to restore the grazing lease areas to a healthy and pristine land. The weapons have changed from the cold steel of a gun to the amount of cold hard cash a rancher or an environmental group will pay for a piece of land."
^ For example, from the MSNBC site, telling of Bureau of Land Management policy changes and impacts: "The mustangs' current troubles come thanks in part to another Western icon: cattle ranchers. There are currently 37,000 mustangs sharing public rangelands with several million head of cattle. The result has been overgrazing, exacerbated by six years of drought. To restore the land, the BLM has cut the number of cattle allowed, and ranchers say the horses and burros have to be pared substantially. "If we don't receive relief, and soon, we'll be out of business," Lemoille, Nev., rancher Kenneth Jones"
^ For example, the Irregular Times site describes a disagreement among Democratic Party regulars in upstate New York as a "range war". In this case the "unfenced territory" is an election district, and the hearts and minds of Democratic party regulars
^ For example, the Mac Observer site characterises the conflict between IBM and the SCO Group as a "range war". In this case, the "unfenced territory" is the Unix/Linux marketplace, and the hearts and minds of technical, purchase influencing, IT people.
^ Range war by Paine, Lauran
^ "The Range War".
^ "Gunsmoke - Single Episodes". 5 January 2020.
^ ACTIVISION PULLS THE TRIGGER ON ITS HIGHLY ANTICIPATED ACTION GAME GUN(TM)
^ "Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood Walkthrough 9". March 30, 2012
^ "A History of Historical Superheroes". June 16, 2025

[1] Johnson, Marilynn S. Violence in the West: The Johnson County Range War and Ludlow Massacre: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford Series in History & Culture: First edition (2008). p. 12. ISBN 978-0312445799

[2] For example, from the Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society site Cecilia Rasmussen. "Castaic Range War Left Up to 21 Dead". Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society. Retrieved 2004-07-04. (sourced from the Los Angeles Times): "The violent, long-running Jenkins-Chormicle feud, which started in 1890 over a boundary dispute, is a colorful and cruel saga – part fact, part myth – of barn burnings, ambushes and gun battles on horseback. It lasted more than two decades." describes a Southern California range war that started in 1890.

[3] For example, from the U of Idaho Range Management site Archived 2006-04-27 at the Wayback Machine telling of conflict in Idaho: " Range wars continue, just as they did a century ago, between those who have grazing rights and those who do not. Today these range wars pit ranchers, with state grazing leases, against the environmental groups that are trying to restore the grazing lease areas to a healthy and pristine land. The weapons have changed from the cold steel of a gun to the amount of cold hard cash a rancher or an environmental group will pay for a piece of land."

[4] For example, from the MSNBC site, telling of Bureau of Land Management policy changes and impacts: "The mustangs' current troubles come thanks in part to another Western icon: cattle ranchers. There are currently 37,000 mustangs sharing public rangelands with several million head of cattle. The result has been overgrazing, exacerbated by six years of drought. To restore the land, the BLM has cut the number of cattle allowed, and ranchers say the horses and burros have to be pared substantially. "If we don't receive relief, and soon, we'll be out of business," Lemoille, Nev., rancher Kenneth Jones"

[5] For example, the Irregular Times site describes a disagreement among Democratic Party regulars in upstate New York as a "range war". In this case the "unfenced territory" is an election district, and the hearts and minds of Democratic party regulars

[6] For example, the Mac Observer site characterises the conflict between IBM and the SCO Group as a "range war". In this case, the "unfenced territory" is the Unix/Linux marketplace, and the hearts and minds of technical, purchase influencing, IT people.

[7] Range war by Paine, Lauran

[8] "The Range War".

[9] "Gunsmoke - Single Episodes". 5 January 2020.

[10] ACTIVISION PULLS THE TRIGGER ON ITS HIGHLY ANTICIPATED ACTION GAME GUN(TM)

[11] "Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood Walkthrough 9". March 30, 2012

[12] "A History of Historical Superheroes". June 16, 2025

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v t e Gunfights and feuds in the Old West
Gunfights	Gunfight at Hide Park Goingsnake massacre Battle of Bates Point Gunfight at Blazer's Mill Battle of Lincoln (1878) Variety Hall shootout Mussel Slough Tragedy Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight Guadalupe Canyon Massacre Battle of the Plaza Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Trinidad Gunfight Vaudeville Theater ambush Hunnewell gunfight Frisco shootout Battle of Cimarron Battle of Stone Corral Battle of Tres Jacales Battle of Ingalls Gunfight at Morenci Blackwell gunfight Shootout on Juneau Wharf Shootout at Wilson Ranch Gunfight in Moab Battleground Gunfight Chinese Massacre Cove Big Fight at the Jenkins Saloon Thibodaux massacre Gunfight at Spokogee Canyon Diablo shootout Shootout in Benson Naco Gunfight Battle of Eufaula Shootout in Sonoratown Gleeson gunfight Power's Cabin shootout Skeleton Canyon shootout
Duels and showdowns	Broderick–Terry duel Sandbar Fight Hickok–Tutt Shootout Duels of Jim Levy Duels of Tom Carberry Short–Courtright Shootout Bull–Peel duel Mart Duggan duel Anderson-McCluskie duel Canton–Dunn Shootout Long Branch Saloon gunfight South Pass Shootout Walker–Graham duel Burton Mossman duel Silks–Fultom duel Higgins–Standifer duel Highsaw-Smith Shootout Western Code Duello
Feuds	Railroad Wars County seat war Tutt–Everett War Regulator–Moderator War Lee–Peacock feud Sutton–Taylor feud Horrell–Higgins feud Brooks–Baxter War Colorado Railroad War Earp Vendetta Ride Dodge City War Flynn–Doran feud Gray County War Jaybird–Woodpecker War Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War Brooks–McFarland feud Reese–Townsend feud McIntosh County Seat War Deschutes Railroad War Boyce–Sneed feud Placer County Railroad War Bellevue War Colorado Labor Wars Idaho labor strike
Range wars	Colfax County War Johnson County War Lincoln County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Castaic Range War Colorado Range War San Elizario Salt War Pecos War Porum Range War Fence Cutting Wars Sheep Wars Sheepshooters' War Stuart's Stranglers Hashknife Outfit Deep Creek murders Spring Creek raid
Robberies	Jonathan R. Davis Gunfight Northfield Bank Robbery Skeleton Canyon massacres Battle of Coffeyville Canyon Diablo Train Robbery Wham Paymaster robbery Black Bart Robberies Fairbank Train Robbery Gage Train Robbery Big Springs Robbery Overland Flyer Train Robbery Baxter's Curve Train Robbery Jarbidge Stage Robbery
See also	Gunfighter Cowboy Lexington murders Bisbee massacre Hay Meadow massacre Rock Springs massacre Morewood massacre
List of Old West gunfights gunfighters lawmen

v t e Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States
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Related	Conflicts in the U.S. Wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Territorial evolution Military history History of the Central Intelligence Agency Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector Cold War War on terror War crimes

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In literature and the arts

See also

Notes and references