Rubus allegheniensis

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Rubus allegheniensis - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rubus allegheniensis

Allegheny blackberry 1913 illustration^[1]
Conservation status
Secure (NatureServe)^[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Rubus
Subgenus:	Rubus subg. Rubus
Species:	R. allegheniensis
Binomial name
*Rubus allegheniensis* (Porter) Porter 1896
Synonyms^[3]^[4]^[5]
Synonymy Rubus villosus var. montanus Porter 1890 not Rubus montanus Lib. ex Lej. 1813 Rubus montanus (Porter) Porter 1894 not Lib. ex Lej. 1813 Rubus alleghaniensis Porter Rubus allegheniensis var. nigrobaccus (L.H.Bailey) Farw. Rubus allegheniensis var. plausus L.H.Bailey Rubus allegheniensis var. populifolius Fernald Rubus attractus L.H.Bailey Rubus auroralis L.H.Bailey Rubus avipes L.H.Bailey Rubus bractealis L.H.Bailey Rubus campestris P.J.Müll. Rubus congruus L.H.Bailey Rubus fissidens L.H.Bailey Rubus floricomus Blanch. Rubus fryei H.A.Davis & T.Davis Rubus latens L.H.Bailey Rubus longissimus L.H.Bailey Rubus nigrobaccatus Focke Rubus nigrobaccus L.H.Bailey Rubus nigrobaccus var. sativus (L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey Rubus nuperus L.H.Bailey Rubus par L.H.Bailey Rubus paulus L.H.Bailey Rubus pennus L.H.Bailey Rubus rappii L.H.Bailey Rubus separ L.H.Bailey Rubus villosus Aiton Rubus villosus var. engelmannii Focke Rubus villosus var. montanus Porter Rubus villosus var. sativus L.H.Bailey Rubus villosus var. villigerus Focke Rubus gravesii (Fernald) L.H.Bailey Rubus marilandicus L.H.Bailey Rubus nigrobaccus var. gravesii Fernald Rubus tumularis L.H.Bailey Rubus uber L.H.Bailey Rubus virginianus L.H.Bailey

Rubus allegheniensis is a North American species of highbush blackberry in Section Alleghenienses of the genus Rubus, a member of the rose family.^[6] It is the most common and widespread highbush blackberry in eastern and central North America. It is commonly known as Allegheny blackberry.^[7]

Description

The characteristics of Rubus allegheniensis can be highly variable.^[8] It is an erect bramble, typically 1.5 metres (5 feet) but occasionally rarely over 2.4 m (8 ft) high, with single shrubs approaching 2.4 m or more in breadth, although it usually forms dense thickets of many plants. The leaves are alternate, compound, ovoid, and have toothed edges.^[8]^[9] The canes have many prickles, with white, 5-petal, 19-millimetre (3⁄4-inch) flowers in late spring and glossy, deep-violet to black, aggregate fruit in late summer.^[8] It is shade intolerant.^[10]

Distribution and habitat

R. allegheniensis is very common throughout forests in eastern and central North America. It is also naturalized in a few locations in California and British Columbia.^[7]^[11]

Uses

The berries are edible and nutritious. They can be eaten raw or cooked into various treats, including pies, cobblers, muffins, jellies, and jams.^[8]

Ecology

Many mammals eat the fruit, including elk, foxes, American black bears, rabbits, raccoons, opossums, squirrels, mice, and chipmunks, and deer will browse the young canes. Blackberries are also an important food source for many species of birds. The mammals and birds that eat the fruit then disperse the seed in their droppings, enabling the plant to spread to new locations. A wide variety of native bees, butterflies, beetles, flies, ants, wasps, and other insects are attracted to the nectar and pollen of the flowers, and caterpillars, grasshoppers, beetles eat the leaves. Birds and small mammals use the thickets formed by the canes for shelter.^[8]

The presence of the species influences the dynamics of the understory vegetation of many forests in the eastern United States. An abundance of R. allegheniensis encourages new tree seedlings. Where the effects of herbivorous animals (such as whitetail deer) reduce the abundance of Allegheny blackberry, a competitor, Sitobolium punctilobulum (hay-scented fern), takes over; where S. punctilobulum becomes common, the growth of tree seedlings is restricted.^[12]

Concentrations of R. allegheniensis increase greatly after events that destroy taller shrubs and trees and thus permit more light into the understory, such as fires or widespread blowdown.^[10]^[13] These populations often decline in later years as the tree seedlings sheltered by the blackberry canes grow and reduce the amount of light reaching the lower levels.^[10]

References

^ NRCS. "Rubus allegheniensis". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 26 September 2012. Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. 3 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
^ NatureServe. "Rubus allegheniensis". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia.
^ "Rubus allegheniensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
^ Tropicos, Rubus allegheniensis Porter
^ The Plant List, Rubus allegheniensis Porter
^ Bailey, L.H. (1944b). "Species batorum. The genus Rubus in North America. VIII. Alleghenienses". Gentes Herbarum. 3: 504–588.
^ ^a ^b NRCS. "Rubus allegheniensis". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 26 September 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Common Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis)". Missouri Department of Conservation Field Guide. Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
^ Flora of North America, Rubus allegheniensis Porter, 1896. Allegheny or common blackberry, sow-teat berry, ronce des Alléghanys
^ ^a ^b ^c Peterson, Chris J., and Steward T.A. Pickett. "Forest reorganization: a case study in an old-growth forest catastrophic blowdown." Ecology. 76 (1995): 763+. Retrieved 14 Oct. 2012.
^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
^ "Wildlife Management." The Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
^ "Vegetation of Hooper Branch Nature Preserve, Iroquois County, Illinois." Northeastern Naturalist. 17 (2): pp 261-272. 2010

External links

photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1992
"Rubus allegheniensis". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
"Rubus allegheniensis". Plants for a Future.
"Rubus villosus". Plants for a Future.
"Rubus avipes". Plants for a Future.

Taxon identifiers

Rubus allegheniensis

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