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Addai of Edessa - Wikipedia

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Thaddeus of Edessa Saint Addai ܡܪܝ ܐܕܝ
Icon of St. Thaddeus (10th century, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai)
Born	c. 1st century AD Edessa, Osroene, Roman Empire
Died	c. 2nd century AD
Venerated in	Church of the East Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox Church Church of Caucasian Albania
Feast	August 5
Patronage	Assyrians^[1]

According to Eastern Christian tradition, Addai of Edessa (Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܐܕܝ, Mar Addai or Mor Aday sometimes Latinized Addeus) or Thaddeus of Edessa^[2] was one of the seventy disciples of Jesus.

Life

Based on various Eastern Christian traditions,^[3] Addai was a Jew born in Edessa (now Şanlıurfa, Turkey). He came to Jerusalem for a festival where he heard the preaching of John the Baptist (St. John the Forerunner). After being baptized in the Jordan River, he remained in Judea and became a follower of Jesus. He was chosen as one of the seventy disciples sent in pairs to preach in the cities and places.^[4]

After Pentecost and the ascension of Jesus, Addai started preaching the gospel in Mesopotamia, Syria and Persia.^[4] He ordained priests in Edessa, converted many to Christianity and built up the church there. He also went to Beirut to preach, and many believe that he founded a church there.^[5]

The Syriac liturgy referred to as the Liturgy of Addai and Mari originated around the year 200 AD and is used by the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church (both of which are based in Iraq); it is also used by the Eastern Syriac Churches in India which trace their origins to Thomas the Apostle, namely, the Chaldean Syrian Church^[6] and Syro-Malabar Catholic Church .

His feast is celebrated on August 5 in the Christian calendar.^[1]

Addai and the healing of King Abgar

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Among the Eastern Orthodox faithful, Addai was a disciple of Christ^[7] sent by St. Thomas the Apostle to Edessa in order to heal King Abgar V of Osroene, who had fallen ill. He stayed to evangelize, and so converted^[8] Abgar—or Agbar, or in one Latin version "Acbar" — and his people including Saint Aggai and Saint Mari.^[9]

The story of how King Abgarus V^[10]^[11]^[12] and Jesus had corresponded was first recounted in the 4th century by the church historian Eusebius of Caesarea.^[13] In the origin of the legend, Eusebius had been shown documents purporting to contain the official correspondence that passed between Abgar and Jesus, and he was well enough convinced by their authenticity to quote them extensively in his Ecclesiastical History. According to Eusebius:

Thomas, one of the twelve apostles, under divine impulse sent Thaddeus, who was also numbered among the seventy disciples of Christ, to Edessa, as a preacher and evangelist of the teaching of Christ. (Historia Ecclesiastica, I, xiii)

The story of the healing and Addai's evangelizing efforts resulted in the growing of Christian communities in southern Armenia, northern Mesopotamia and in Syria east of Antioch. Thaddeus' story is embodied in the Syriac document, Doctrine of Addai,^[14] which recounts the role of Addai and makes him one of the 72 Apostles sent out to spread the Christian faith.^[15] By the time the legend had returned to Syria, the purported site of the miraculous image, it had been embroidered into a tissue of miraculous happenings.^[16]

Various traditions

St. Addai also appears in the First Apocalypse of James and the Second Apocalypse of James.^[17]

In Roman Catholic tradition, he and Saint Mari are considered patrons of Persian and Assyrian people.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Saint Who? Saints Addai and Mari". Magnificat. 20 (12). Magnificat USA: 76. January 2019.
^ Charles George Herbermann, The Catholic Encyclopedia (Universal Knowledge Foundation, 1913), p. 136.
^ Holweck, Frederick George. A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints, B. Herder, 1924, p. 15
^ ^a ^b "Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy", Orthodox Church in America
^ CNA. "St. Jude Thaddeus and St. Simon the Zealot, Apostles". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
^ Brown, Leslie W. (1956). The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 281.
^ Sengstock, Mary C. (1982). Chaldean-Americans: Changing Conceptions of Ethnic Identity. Center for Migration Studies. ISBN 9780913256428.
^ Herbermann, Charles George (1913). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Press. p. 282.
^ Neale, John Mason (2008). A History of the Holy Eastern Church: The Patriarchate of Antioch: The Patriarchate of Antioch. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-60608-330-7.
^ Bowman, Alan; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521301992.
^ Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 9780028659435.
^ Roberts, John Morris; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). The History of the World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199936762.
^ Eusebius, Church History, 1.13 and 3.1
^ Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (2010-04-01). The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Scarecrow Press. p. 89. ISBN 9781461718956.
^ Luke 10:1 – 20
^ Walter Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, 1934, (in English 1971) (On-line text)
^ Robert Eisenman, James the Brother of Jesus : The key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls, 1997 (Viking Penguin). Especially the section "Thaddeus, Judas Thomas and the conversion of the Osrhoeans", pp 189ff.

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Church of the East titles
Preceded by Mar Thoma (c. 34–c. 50)	Patriarch of the East Bishop of Edessa (c. 50–c. 66)	Succeeded by Mar Aggai (c. 66–c. 81)

v t e Patriarchs of the Church of the East
Until the schism of 1552 Full list
1st–4th centuries	Addai Aggai (66–87) Mari (ob.104) Abris (121–37) Abraham (159–71) Yaʿqob I (c. 190) Ahadabui (204–20) Shahlufa (220–4) Papa (c. 280–317) Shemʿon Bar Sabbaʿe (329–41) Shahdost (341–3) Barbaʿshmin (343–6) Tomarsa (363–71) Qayyoma (377–99)
5th–8th centuries	Isaac (399–410) Ahha (410–14) Yahballaha I (415–20) Maʿna (420) Farbokht (421) Dadishoʿ (421–56) Babowai (457–84) Acacius (485–96) Babai (497–503) Shila (503–23) Elishaʿ (524–37) Narsai intrusus (524–37) Paul (539) Aba I (540–52) Joseph (552–67) Ezekiel (570–81) Ishoʿyahb I (582–95) Sabrishoʿ I (596–604) Gregory (605–9) Ishoʿyahb II (628–45) Maremmeh (646–9) Ishoʿyahb III (649–59) Giwargis I (661–80) Yohannan I (680–3) Hnanishoʿ I (686–98) Yohannan Garba intrusus (691–3) Sliba-zkha (714–28) Pethion (731–40) Aba II (741–51) Surin (753) Yaʿqob II (753–73) Hnanishoʿ II (773–80) Timothy I (780–823)
9th–12th centuries	Ishoʿ bar Nun (823–8) Giwargis II (828–31) Sabrishoʿ II (831–5) Abraham II (837–50) Theodosius (853–8) Sargis (860–72) Israel of Kashkar intrusus (877) Enosh (877–84) Yohannan II (884–91) Yohannan III (893–9) Yohannan IV (900–05) Abraham III (906–37) Emmanuel I (937–60) Israel (961) ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86) Mari (987–99) Yohannan V (1000–11) Yohannan VI (1012–20) Ishoʿyahb IV (1020–5) Eliya I (1028–49) Yohannan VII (1049–57) Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72) ʿAbdishoʿ II (1074–90) Makkikha I (1092–1110) Eliya II (1111–32) Bar Sawma (1134–6) ʿAbdishoʿ III (1139–48) Ishoʿyahb V (1149–75) Eliya III (1176–90)
13th–16th centuries	Yahballaha II (1190–1222) Sabrishoʿ IV (1222–5) Sabrishoʿ V (1226–56) Makkikha II (1257–65) Denha I (1265–81) Yahballaha III (1281–1317) Timothy II (1318–c. 1332) Denha II (1336/7–1381/2) Shemʿon II (c. 1385–c. 1405) Eliya IV (c. 1405–c. 1425) Shemʿon III (c. 1425–c. 1450) Shemʿon IV Basidi (c. 1450–1497) Shemʿon V (1497–1502) Eliya V (1503–4) Shemʿon VI (1504–38) Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58)
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