Salaverry-Santa Cruz War

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Salaverry-Santa Cruz War - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Salaverry-Santa Cruz War

Map of the Bolivian campaign during the conflict.

Date

1835–1836

Location

Peru

Result

Pro-Confederate victory

Execution of Felipe Santiago Salaverry
Creation of a confederate state
Start of the War of the Confederation

Belligerents

Pro-Confederation:
(Liberals)
Orbegosistas
Santa Crucistas

Supported by:

France

Republic of Iquicha

Pipiolos

Anti-Confederation:
(Conservatives)
Salaverristas
Gamarristas
Supported by:

Argentina

Chile

Spain

Limeños and Arequipeños

Commanders and leaders

Luis Jose de Orbegoso

Andres de Santa Cruz

José Miguel de Velasco Franco

José Trinidad Morán

Anselmo Quiroz

Francisco Anglada

Blas Cerdeña

José Ballivián

Otto Philipp Braun

Francisco Burdett O'Connor

Felipe Salaverry

José Quiroga

Juan Bautista Eléspuru

Juan Pablo Fernandini

Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco

Manuel de Mendiburu

Carlos del Postigo

Agustín Gamarra

Strength

5,000

3,500 (Salaverry's forces)
12,000 (Gamarra's forces)

v t e Civil wars in Peru
1834 1835–1836 1836–1839 1843–1844 1854–1855 1856–1858 1865 1867 1884–1885 1894–1895 1980– Other conflicts: Huanta (1825–1828, 1839, 1896–1897) Lima (1872) Huaraz (1885) Loreto (1896, 1921–1922, 1932) La Libertad (1932) Puno (1815, 1867–1868) Huacanvelica and Junín (1965)

The Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, sometimes called the Peruvian Civil War of 1835–1836, was an internal conflict in Peru with the involvement of the Bolivian army of Andres de Santa Cruz. It ended with the defeat and execution of Felipe Santiago Salaverry and the creation of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.

Context

In 1834, a civil war had been fought between Pedro Pablo Bermúdez and Agustín Gamarra on the one hand against Luis José de Orbegoso and Felipe Salaverry on the other hand. The war was won by the constitutional President Luis José de Orbegoso.

In 1835, while President Luis Orbegoso was travelling to the south, his former ally General Felipe Salaverry proclaimed himself Supreme Head of the Republic on 23 February 1835, deposing Orbegoso. Orbegoso fled to Bolivia and asked Andrés de Santa Cruz, president of Bolivia, for his support to overthrow the Salaverry government.
Santa Cruz was alarmed by Salaverry's coup, who also received the support of his former enemy General Agustín Gamarra. Santa Cruz agreed to invade Peru to overthrow them, since Orbegoso would not be able to confront Salaverry and Gamarra alone.

The War

There were 4 major battles in this war:

The Battle of Yanacocha (13 August 1835), , where Santa Cruz defeated Agustín Gamarra and Santa Cruz's army lost 211 men and 71 wounded, while Gamarra's army lost 400 men and 985 taken prisoner.
At Cobija on 24 September, where Felipe Salaverry conquered the Bolivian port.
The Battle of Uchumayo (Arequipa) on 4 February 1836, where Salaverry defeated Santa Cruz and Santa Cruz's army lost 315 men.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]
At Socabaya (Arequipa) on 7 February 1836, where Santa Cruz defeated Salaverry in one of the bloodiest battles in the history of Peru. In this battle Salaverry, self-proclaimed President of Peru, was taken prisoner and shot in the plaza of Arequipa.^[9]

Consequences

After the civil war was won, Santa Cruz and Orbegoso merged their two countries into the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. This alarmed neighboring countries Chile and Argentina and led to the War of the Confederation and Tarija War. After defeat in War of the Confederation and growing internal resistance by Conservative factions in Peru, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation was dissolved in 1839.

References

^ Basadre 1998, p. 299.
^ Luis S. Crespo (24 de agosto de 2011). "Batalla de Yanacocha". El Diario. Consultado el 24 de marzo de 2012. Del ejército de Gamarra, 8.000 eran indios armados de hondas y palos.
^ Basadre, Jorge (1961). Historia de la República del Perú. Tomo I. Lima: Ediciones Historia, pp. 304. En 1828 a la espera de firmarse un tratado de paz se estimaba que el ejército peruano era de unos 8.000 hombres y su contraparte boliviano de 4.000, ambos de firmar deberían reducirse a la mitad.
Basadre, Jorge (2002) [1929]. La iniciación de la república: contribución al estudio de la evolución política y social del Perú. Tomo I. Lima: UNMSM, pp. 205. ISBN 978-9972-46-196-5. Finalmente, según el Tratado de Tiquina (25 de agosto de 1831) Perú y Bolivia acordaron reducirlos a 5.000 y 3.000 hombres respectivamente, aunque cuando el 8 de noviembre en Arequipa acordaron dejarlos en solo 3.000 y 1.600 unidades.
^ Manuel Bilbao (1867). Historia de Salaverry. Buenos Aires: Imp. "Buenos Aires", pp. 295
^ Jorge Basadre. Salaverry nombro a esta campaña "nueva guerra de independencia del Perú"
^ Historia del General Salaverry
^ Santa Cruz el Condor indio
^ Convenio celebrado entre los generales Salaverry y Gamarra
^ El Bibliote

Bibliography

Colección de documentos y de sucessos notables en las campañas de pacificación del Perú
Historia de Bolivia, 5º edición, editorial Gisbert.
http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01316119700682055644802/p0000003.htm
Basadre, Jorge. La Iniciación de la república: contribución al estudio de la evolución política y social del Perú. Lima: UNMSM, Fondo Editorial, 2002. ISBN 9972-46-196-3
Basadre, Jorge: Historia de la República del Perú. 1822 - 1933, Octava Edición, corregida y aumentada. Tomos 1 y 2. Editada por el Diario "La República" de Lima y la Universidad "Ricardo Palma". Impreso en Santiago de Chile, 1998.

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