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Sandawana mines - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 20°55′0″S 29°55′59″E / 20.91667°S 29.93306°E

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sandawana Mines
Location
Sandawana Mines
Province	Midlands
Country	Zimbabwe
Coordinates	20°55′0″S 29°55′59″E / 20.91667°S 29.93306°E / -20.91667; 29.93306
Production
Products	emeralds, lithium
History
Opened	1958
Owner
Company	Rio Tinto Zinc 1958–1993 Sandawana Mines Ltd. 1993–2019 Kuvimba Mining House 2019–

The Sandawana Mines are a mining complex in Mberengwa District, Midlands Province of Zimbabwe, primarily known for its emeralds. The mines are sixty-five kilometers south of the town of Mberengwa.^[1]

With the growth in the use of lithium batteries, lithium became a major product from the Sandawana mines.^[2]

History

Emeralds were first discovered there in 1956, at what is now the Vulcan mine site, and the following year at the Zeus mine site. Production began in 1958,^[3] and in 1959 the properties were sold to a Rio Tinto subsidiary Rio Tinto Zinc (RTZ).^[1] The mines were first worked by filling a wheelbarrow with the gem containing soil and then washing away the earth,^[4] but were replaced by modern placer techniques.

In 1993 Rio Tinto sold the mines to a newly formed company, Sandawana Mines (Pvt.) Ltd., where the Zimbabwean government held a significant share.^[1] The mines were closed seven years later due to the drop in demand for emeralds.^[5] But interest in the properties resumed as the price of lithium soared. In 2019, Kuvimba Mining House (KMH), which is 65% owned by the Zimbabwe government, took over the asset.^[2]

Illegal mining takes place at the Sandawana mines due to lax or bribed security.^[2]

Geology

The Mweza greenstone belt consists of a series of intensely deformed and moderately metamorphosed ultramafic-to-mafic volcanic rocks and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks.^[6] Intruded into the greenstone are granitic pegmatites containing rare earth minerals such as spodumene. These pegmatite were intruded just prior to and/or during a main deformation event at 2.6 Ga.(2.6 billion years ago).^[7] Subsequently, along the cracks between the pegmatites and the greenstone, a hydrothermal solution complex was injected containing large amounts of sodium, as well as lithium, fluorine, beryllium, phosphorus and chromium.^[8] This solution reacted with the minerals of both the granite pegmatite and the greenstone to produce a variety of uncommon minerals, including emeralds (beryl).^[8]

Notes and references

^ ^a ^b ^c Zwaan, Johannes Cornelis (Hanco); Kanis, Jan; Petsch, Eckehard J. (1997). "Update on Emeralds from the Sandawana Mines Zimbabwe". Gems & Gemology. 33 (2). Gemological Institute of America: 80–100. doi:10.5741/GEMS.33.2.80.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Demystifying Sandawana Mine". Harare, Zimbabwe: Centre for Natural Resource Governance (CNRG). Archived from the original on 8 November 2023.
^ Gübelin, Eduard J. (1958). "Emeralds from Sandawana". The Journal of Gemmology. 6 (8): 340–354. doi:10.15506/JoG.1958.6.8.340.
^ Böhmke, F. C. (1982). "Emeralds at Sandawana in Gemstones, Report of the Sixth Annual Commodity Meeting, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (IMM)". Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. 91: A110–A122.
^ Kairiza, Tinashe; Nyoni, Mthandazo (21 September 2023). "Kuvimba sits on 820 000 tonnes of lithium stockpiles". NewsDay. Harare, Zimbabwe.
^ Zizhou, Peter T. (1994). "A preliminary report on the geology of the Mweza Greenstone Belt, Mberengwa". Annals of the Zimbabwe Geological Survey. 18: 7–11.
^ Zwaan, Johannes Cornelis (Hanco) (2006). "The Sandawana Model of Emerald Formation" (PDF). Gems & Gemology. 42 (3): 111.
^ ^a ^b Zwaan, Johannes Cornelis (Hanco) (2006). "Gemmology, geology and origin of the Sandawana emerald deposits, Zimbabwe" (PDF). Scripta Geologica. 131: 1–212. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2022.

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