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Ferula

Ferula communis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Subfamily:	Apioideae
Tribe:	Scandiceae
Subtribe:	Ferulinae
Genus:	Ferula L.
Synonyms^[1]
List Agasulis Raf. Buniotrinia Stapf & Wettst. Dardanis Raf. Diserneston Jaub. & Spach Dorema D.Don Eriosynaphe DC. Euryangium Kauffm. Merwia B.Fedtsch. Narthex Falc. Pinacantha Gilli Polycyrtus Schltdl. Schumannia Kuntze Scorodosma Bunge Soranthus Ledeb. Sumbulus H.Reinsch Talassia Korovin

Ferula (from Latin ferula, 'rod') is a genus of about 220 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region east to central Asia, mostly growing in arid climates. Many plants of this genus, especially F. communis, are referred to as "giant fennel," although they are not fennel in the strict sense.^[2]^[3]

Description

They are herbaceous perennial plants growing to 1–4 m tall, with stout, hollow, somewhat succulent stems. The leaves are tripinnate or even more finely divided, with a stout basal sheath clasping the stem. The basal sheaths of Ferula oopoda, for example, are up to six inches (15 cm) long and form a cup holding about a cup of rainwater.^[4] The flowers are usually yellow, rarely white, produced in large umbels.

Selected species

Ferula assa-foetida – asafoetida
Ferula aucheri
Ferula caspica
Ferula communis – giant fennel
Ferula conocaula
Ferula cypria – Cyprus fennel
Ferula diversivittata
Ferula drudeana, hypothesized to be the ancient Silphion
Ferula foetida
Ferula gummosa, syn. F. galbaniflua – galbanum
Ferula hermonis
Ferula iliensis
Ferula jaeschkeana
Ferula karelinii
Ferula linkii
Ferula longifolia
Ferula marmarica
Ferula melitensis
Ferula mikraskythiana – endemic to Romania and found in the Dumbrăveni Forest Nature Reserve in 2014^[5]
Ferula moschata, syn F. sumbul – muskroot
Ferula narthex
Ferula oopoda found in Turkmenistan and Pakistan.
Ferula orientalis
Ferula persica
Ferula rubricaulis
Ferula schair
Ferula szowitziana
Ferula tingitana, hypothesized to be the ancient Silphion
Ferula varia

Uses

The Roman spice laserpicium probably came from a species of Ferula, either an extinct one or Ferula tingitana, though other identities have been suggested. The Romans called the hollow light rod made from this plant a ferula (compare also fasces, judicial birches). Such rods were used for walking sticks, splints, for stirring boiling liquids, and for corporal punishment.^{[citation needed]}

The gummy resin of many species of Ferula is used for various purposes:

Ferula foetida, Ferula assa-foetida and some other species are used to make the spice asafoetida, or hing^[6]
Ferula gummosa makes galbanum
Ferula hermonis makes zallouh
Ferula moschata makes sumbul
Ferula persica or F. szowitziana makes sagapenum
Ferula marmarica makes "Cyrenaican ammoniacum"
Ferula ammoniacum makes "Persian ammoniacum"
Ferula communis subsp. brevifolia makes "Moroccan ammoniacum"

References

^ "Ferula Tourn. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Ferula
^ Flora of Pakistan, Ferula Linn
^ T.I. Agagmuradov, Badghiz, (1984)p. 187
^ Bulfina, Ovidiu. "Discovery! New plant species in Romania". Birdlife International. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
^ Plants for a Future, Ferula assa-foetida L., Asafoetida - Devil's Dung. Hing

External links

Media related to Ferula at Wikimedia Commons

Taxon identifiers
Ferula	Wikidata: Q1342970 Wikispecies: Ferula APDB: 190763 APNI: 75029 CoL: 4JW3 eFloraSA: Ferula EPPO: 1FERG FNA: 112746 FoC: 112746 GBIF: 3034682 GRIN: 4656 iNaturalist: 82618 IPNI: 39997-1 IRMNG: 1381133 ITIS: 500647 NBN: NHMSYS0000458752 NCBI: 52470 Open Tree of Life: 436007 PLANTS: FERUL3 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30105171-2 Tropicos: 40009122 WFO: wfo-4000014698

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