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In oceanography, sea state is the general condition of the free surface on a large body of water—with respect to wind waves and swell—at a certain location and moment. A sea state is characterized by statistics, including the wave height, period, and spectrum. The sea state varies with time, as the wind and swell conditions change. The sea state can be assessed either by an experienced observer (like a trained mariner) or by using instruments like weather buoys, wave radar, or Earth observation satellites.[1]
The short-term statistics describing the sea state are determined for a time interval in which the sea state is considered to be constant. This duration has to be much longer than the individual wave period, but shorter than the period in which the wind and swell conditions can be expected to vary significantly. Typically, the sea state is assumed to be constant for 15-30 minutes.[1]
The large number of variables involved in creating and describing the sea state cannot be quickly and easily summarized, so simpler scales are used to give an approximate but concise description of conditions for reporting in a ship's log or similar record.[citation needed]
WMO sea state code
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) sea state code largely adopts the 'wind sea' definition of the Douglas Sea Scale.[citation needed] The direction from which the swell is coming should be recorded.[citation needed]
| WMO Sea State Code | Wave height | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 metres (0 ft) | Calm (glassy) |
| 1 | 0 to 0.1 metres (0.0 to 3.9 in) | Calm (rippled) |
| 2 | 0.1 to 0.5 metres (3.9 in to 1 ft 7.7 in) | Smooth (wavelets) |
| 3 | 0.5 to 1.25 metres (1 ft 8 in to 4 ft 1 in) | Slight |
| 4 | 1.25 to 2.5 metres (4 ft 1 in to 8 ft 2 in) | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.5 to 4 metres (8 ft 2 in to 13 ft 1 in) | Rough |
| 6 | 4 to 6 metres (13 to 20 ft) | Very rough |
| 7 | 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 ft) | High |
| 8 | 9 to 14 metres (30 to 46 ft) | Very high |
| 9 | Over 14 metres (46 ft) | Phenomenal |
| 0. None | |
| Low | 1. Short or average 2. Long |
| Moderate | 3. Short 4. Average 5. Long |
| High | 6. Short 7. Average 8. Long |
| 9. Confused |
Sea states in marine engineering
In engineering applications, sea states are often characterized by the following two parameters:
- The significant wave height H1/3 — the mean wave height of the highest third of the waves.[2]
- The mean wave period, T1.
In addition to the short-term wave statistics presented above, long-term sea state statistics are often given as a joint frequency table of the significant wave height and the mean wave period. From the long and short-term statistical distributions, it is possible to find the extreme values expected over a given number of years by fitting an extreme value distribution.[3] The extreme value distribution can then inform an engineer about the most extreme significant wave height to be expected during a lifetime of a ship or offshore structure. Using the response amplitude operators of the ship, the engineer can then use the extremes in significant wave height and wave period to calculate the most extreme loads that the ship should be able to withstand. Withstanding significant wave heights that happen on average once in 100 years or once in 1000 years is a common demand for design of ships and offshore structures.[4]
CCI Sea State
The "Sea State" project within the ESA's Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program created an 18-year data set (2002–2020) covering various sea state-related Essential Climate Variables as measured by the Jason satellite series, other ocean-focused Earth observation satellites, and in situ sources.[5][6][7][8] In 2025, data from CCI Sea State, combined with the new SWOT satellite measurements, were used to describe a new record wave height of nearly 20 m in the open ocean.[9][10]
See also
Citations
- ^ a b Holthuijsen, Leo H. (2007). Waves in oceanic and coastal waters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-27021-5.
- ^ Munk, W.H. (1944). Proposed uniform procedure for observing waves and interpreting instrument records. La Jolla, California: Wave Project at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
- ^ Aarnes, Ole Johan; Breivik, Øyvind; Reistad, Magnar (2012). "Wave Extremes in the Northeast Atlantic". Journal of Climate. 25 (5): 1529–1543. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00132.1. hdl:1956/9253. ISSN 0894-8755.
- ^ Jonathan, Philip; Ewans, Kevin (2013). "Statistical modelling of extreme ocean environments for marine design: A review". Ocean Engineering. 62: 91–109. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2013.01.004.
- ^ "Sea State". ESA Climate Office. Retrieved 2025-10-11.
- ^ "CCI Sea State". Laboratory for Ocean Physics and Satellite remote sensing. Retrieved 2025-10-11.
- ^ Laboratory, Plymouth Marine. "Sea State CCI". Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Retrieved 2025-10-11.
- ^ "CCI+ Sea State". www.dlr.de. Retrieved 2025-10-11.
- ^ "Satellites reveal the power of ocean swell". www.esa.int. Retrieved 2025-10-11.
- ^ Ardhuin, Fabrice; Postec, Taina; Accensi, Mickael; Piolle, Jean-François; Dodet, Guillaume; Passaro, Marcello; De Carlo, Marine; Husson, Romain; Guitton, Gilles; Collard, Fabrice (2025-09-23). "Sizing the largest ocean waves using the SWOT mission". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 122 (38) e2513381122. doi:10.1073/pnas.2513381122. PMC 12478040. PMID 40956893.
General and cited references
- Bowditch, Nathaniel (1938), American Practical Navigator, H.O. publication No. 9 (revised ed.), United States Hydrographic Office, OCLC 31033357
- Faltinsen, O. M. (1990), Sea Loads on Ships and Offshore Structures, [Cambridge University Press], ISBN 0-521-45870-6
