Jahan Shah (Mughal Emperor)

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Jahan Shah (Mughal Emperor) - Wikipedia

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Jahan Shah

Padishah
Al-Sultan Al-Azam

Portrait by Ghulam Ali Khan

18th Mughal Emperor

Reign

31 July – 11 October 1788^[1]

Predecessor

Shah Alam II

Successor

Shah Alam II

Born

Mahmud Shah Bahadur
1749^{[citation needed]}
Red Fort, Delhi, Mughal Empire
(now in India)^{[citation needed]}

Died

1790 (aged 40–41)
Shahjahanabad, Delhi, Mughal Empire^{[citation needed]}

Burial

Old Delhi, Delhi, India

Issue

Nawab Najabat Afruz Banu Begum Sahiba
Nawab Muhammadi Begum Sahiba^{[citation needed]}

Names
Mirza Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah
Regnal name
Jahan Shah (Persian: جهان شاه )

Father

Ahmad Shah^[2]

Religion

Sunni Islam (Hanafi)

Babur	1526–1530
Humayun (first reign)	1530–1540
Humayun (second reign)	1555–1556
Akbar I	1556–1605
Jahangir I	1605–1627
Shahriyar (de facto)	1627–1628
Shah Jahan I	1628–1658
Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)	1658–1707
Azam Shah	1707
Bahadur Shah I (Shah Alam I)	1707–1712
Jahandar Shah	1712–1713
Farrukh-Siyar	1713–1719
Rafi-ud-Darajat	1719
Rafi-ud-Daulah (Shah Jahan II)	1719
Muhammad Shah	1719–1748
Ahmad Shah	1748–1754
Alamgir II	1754–1759
Shah Jahan III	1759–1760
Shah Alam II (first reign)	1760–1788
Mahmud Shah (Shah Jahan IV)	1788
Shah Alam II (second reign)	1788–1806
Akbar II	1806–1837
Bahadur Shah II	1837–1857

Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur, also known by his regnal name Jahan Shah, was the eighteenth Mughal emperor for a brief period in 1788 after Shah Alam II was deposed by Ghulam Kadir, Mahmud Shah Bahadur was the son of a former Mughal Emperor, Ahmad Shah Bahadur.^[2] He himself became emperor for a brief period in 1788 as a puppet of Ghulam Kadir,^[3] after Shah Alam II had been deposed and blinded.^[4] He was allegedly put to death in 1790 by order of Shah Alam II, supposedly for usurping his authority in 1788.^{[citation needed]}

Early life

Born as Prince Bidar Bakht, he was the eldest surviving child of Emperor Ahmad Shah. Sometime afterwards, he was granted the title of Mahmud Shah Bahadur and was also known as Banka, a term used then in Mughal India referring distinguished warriors or champions. He was given the governorship of Punjab in 1753 on the death of the erstwhile governor Mir Mannu, though he remained in court.^[5] Upon his fathers's deposition, he was imprisoned in the Salimgarh Palace-prison in June 1754.

Reign and aftermath

In 1788 the Rohilla chieftain, Ghulam Qadir usurped power in Delhi and began subjecting the reigning Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II to verbal, physical and psychological abuse. To find a legitimate means of doing such acts, and due to the machinations of the former Empress Badshah Begum the emperor was deposed and Prince Mahmud Shah was enthroned as Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad Jahan Shah on 31 July 1788. His reign was a titular one. On the day of his accession the whole Red Fort Palace was ransacked by Ghulam Qadir's men. Cruelties and torture were later on perpetrated on the whole Timurid family, sparing not even Badshah Begum or the new emperor. Porters carrying water for the deposed monarch were stopped and rebuked by the Rohilla. Finally, the arrival of Mahadji Shinde's troops forced Ghulam Qadir to flee, who took the emperor with him. He was subsequently deposed by the Shinde after the conquest of Delhi, on 16 October 1788, in favor of Shah Alam II. Ghulam Qadir took him to Mirat where, in desperation at his failures, he threatened to execute the hapless prince and other captives from the Imperial family that he had taken with him but was prevented from doing so by his own bodyguard, Manyar Singh. Thence the Rohilla fled leaving behind the captive princes. When Mirat was captured by Shinde's forces on 18 December, Mahmud Shah was once more imprisoned in the Salimgarh Fort.^[6] He died in 1790, allegedly on the orders of Shah Alam II for his role in the 1788 disturbances and for treason against the House of Babur. He left behind two daughters.

References

^ Royal Numismatic Society, The Numismatic Chronicle, (1926) p.415
^ ^a ^b Hasan, Iqtida (1995). Later Moghuls and Urdù literature. Ferozsons. p. 48. ISBN 9789690101204.
^ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers. p. 595. ISBN 9781932705546.
^ Tikkiwal, Harish Chandra (1974). Jaipur and the Later Mughals (1707-1803 A.D.): A Study in Political Relations. University of Rajasthan. p. 175. OCLC 825766812.
^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1964). Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol. 1.
^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1934). Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol. 4.

Bibliography

Sarkar, Jadunath (2007). Fall of the Mughal Empire (1739–1803) in 4 Volumes. Orient Longman. ISBN 9788125032458.

Regnal titles
Jahan Shah (Mughal Emperor) Timurid dynasty
Preceded by Shah Alam II	Emperor of the Mughal Empire 1788	Succeeded by Shah Alam II

Mughal Empire

Emperors

Administration

Provinces	Agra Ajmer Awadh Bengal Berar Bihar Gujarat Delhi Hyderabad Lahore Malwa Multan Sira

Conflicts

Battles	Agra Badli-ki-Serai Bhuchar Mori Buxar Chanderi Chausa Ghagra Haldighati Karnal Khajwa Khanwa Najafgarh Panipat (1526) Panipat (1556) Panipat (1761) Plassey Raj Mahal Samugarh Sirhind Thanesar (1567) Thanesar (1710) Tukaroi Bakla Bhulua
Sieges	Bijapur Chittorgarh Delhi Daman Daulatabad Golconda Hooghly Jinji Kandahar Purandhar Ranthambore Sambhal
Adversaries	Baro-Bhuyan Isa Khan Khwaja Usman Bayazid of Sylhet Musa Khan Pratapaditya Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro

Architecture

Forts and palaces	Agra Fort Lahore Fort Lalbagh Fort Red Fort Jahangir Mahal Sheesh Mahal
Mosques	Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad Jama Masjid (Delhi) Chawk Mosque Badshahi Mosque Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta Sunehri Masjid Wazir Khan Mosque
Tombs and mausoleums	Akbar's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Gardens of Babur Humayun's Tomb Jahangir's Tomb Taj Mahal Tomb of Salim Chishti Tomb of Aurangzeb Tomb of Nur Jahan List of tombs of Mughal Empire
Others	Fatehpur Sikri Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Shahi Bridge more