Sodium bismuth titanate

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Sodium bismuth titanate - Wikipedia

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Sodium bismuth titanate or bismuth sodium titanium oxide (NBT or BNT) is a solid inorganic compound of sodium, bismuth, titanium and oxygen with the chemical formula of Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ or Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃. This compound adopts the perovskite structure.

Synthesis

Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ is not a naturally occurring mineral and several synthesis routes to obtain the compound have been developed. It can be easily prepared by solid state reaction between Na₂CO₃, Bi₂O₃ and TiO₂ at temperatures around 850 °C.

Structure

The exact room-temperature crystal structure of sodium bismuth titanate has been a matter of debate for several years. Early studies in the 1960s using X-ray diffraction suggested Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ to adopt either a pseudo-cubic or a rhombohedral crystal structure.^[1] In 2010, based on the high-resolution single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, a monoclinic structure (space group Cc) was proposed. On heating, Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ transforms at 533 ± 5 K to a tetragonal structure (space group P4bm) and above 793 ± 5 K to cubic structure (space group Pm3m).^[2]

Physical properties

Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ is a relaxor ferroelectric. Its optical band gap was reported to be in the 3.0–3.5 eV.^[3]

Applications

Various solid solutions with tetragonal ferroelectric perovskites including BaTiO₃,^[4] Bi_0.5K_0.5TiO₃^[5] have been developed to obtain morphotropic phase boundaries to enhance the piezoelectric properties of Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃. The extraordinarily large strain generated by a field-induced phase transition in sodium bismuth titanate-based solid solutions prompted researchers to investigate its potential as an alternative to lead zirconate titanate for actuator applications.^[6]

References

^ Smolenskii, G.; Isupov, V.; Agranovskaya, A.; Krainik, N. (1961). "New ferroelectrics of complex composition". Sov. Phys. Solid State. 2: 2651–2654.
^ Zvirgzds, J.A.; Kapostin, P.P.; Zvirgzde, J.V.; Kruzina, T.V. (1982). "X-ray study of phase transitions in ferroelectric Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃". Ferroelectrics. 40 (1): 75–77. Bibcode:1982Fer....40...75Z. doi:10.1080/00150198208210600.
^ Bousquet, M.; Duclere, J.R.; Orhan, E.; Boulle, A.; Bachelet, C.; Champeaux, C (2010). "Optical properties of an epitaxial Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ thin film grown by laser ablation: Experimental approach and density functional theory calculations". J. Appl. Phys. 107 (10): 104107–104107–13. Bibcode:2010JAP...107j4107B. doi:10.1063/1.3400095.
^ Takenaka, T.; Maruyama, K.-I.; Sakata, K. (1991). "(Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃-BaTiO₃ system for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics". Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1. 30 (9S): 2236–2239. Bibcode:1991JaJAP..30.2236T. doi:10.1143/JJAP.30.2236. S2CID 124093028.
^ Sasaki, A.; Chiba, T.; Mamiya, Y.; Otsuki, E. Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃-(Bi_0.5K_0.5)TiO₃ systems. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 1999, 38, 5564–5567.
^ Reichmann, K.; Feteira, A., Li M. (2015). "Bismuth Sodium Titanate Based Materials for Piezoelectric Actuators". Materials. 8 (12): 8467–8495. Bibcode:2015Mate....8.8467R. doi:10.3390/ma8125469. PMC 5458809. PMID 28793724.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Halides	NaF NaHF₂ NaCl NaBr NaI NaAt
Chalcogenides	NaO₃ NaO₂ Na₂O Na₂O₂ NaOH NaOD Na₂S NaSH Na₂Se NaSeH Na₂Te NaHTe Na₂Po
Pnictogenides	Na₃N NaN₃ NaNH₂ Na₃P Na₃As
Oxyhalides	NaClO NaClO₂ NaClO₃ NaClO₄ NaBrO NaBrO₂ NaBrO₃ NaBrO₄ NaIO NaIO₃ NaIO₄
Oxychalcogenides	Na₂SO₃ Na₂SO₄ NaHSO₃ NaHSO₄ Na₂S₂O₃ Na₂S₂O₄ Na₂S₂O₅ Na₂S₂O₆ Na₂S₂O₇ Na₂S₂O₈ Na₂SeO₃ Na₂SeO₄ NaHSeO₃ Na₂TeO₃
Oxypnictogenides	NaNO₂ NaNO₃ Na₂N₂O₂ NaH₂PO₄ NaPO₂H₂ Na₂HPO₃ Na₂PO₃F Na₃PS₂O₂ Na₃PO₄ Na₅P₃O₁₀ Na₄P₂O₇ Na₂H₂P₂O₇ Na₃AsO₃ Na₃AsO₄ Na₂HAsO₄ NaH₂AsO₄ NaSbO₃
Others	NaAlH₄ NaAlO₂ Na₃AlF₆ NaAl(SO₄)₂ NaAuCl₄ NaSbF₆ NaAsF₆ Na₂TiF₆ NaBH₄ NaBH₃(CN) NaBO₂ Na₂B₄O₇ Na₂B₂O₉ Na₂B₈O₁₃ NaBiO₃ NaCN NaCNO NaCoO₂ NaH NaHCO₃ Na₄XeO₆ NaHXeO₄ NaMnO₄ NaOCN NaReO₄ NaSCN NaTcO₃ NaTcO₄ NaVO₃ Na₂CO₃ Na₂C₂O₄ Na₂C₃S₅ Na₂CrO₄ Na₂Cr₂O₇ Na₂Cr₃O₁₀ Na₂GeO₃ Na₂He Na₂[Fe(CO)₄] Na₂MnO₄ Na₂MoO₄ Na₃IrCl₆ Na₂PtCl₆ Na₂O(UO₃)₂ Na₂S₄O₆ Na₂SiO₃ Na₂TiO₃ Na₂U₂O₇ Na₂WO₄ Na₂Zn(OH)₄ Na₃VO₄ Na₆V₁₀O₂₈ Na₄Fe(CN)₆ Na₃Fe(CN)₆ Na₃Fe(C₂O₄)₃ Na₄SiO₄ Na₂SiF₆ Na₃[Co(NO₂)₆] NaNSi₂(CH₃)₆ Na₂PdCl₄