South African type X-17 water tender

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South African type X-17 water tender - Wikipedia

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South African type X-17 water tender

Type X-17 water tender (1953 model), 2009

Type and origin
♠ 1938 version - ♥ 1953 version
Locomotive	Class GM
Designer	South African Railways (W.A.J. Day)
Builder	South African Railways
In service	1938, 1953

Specifications
Configuration	2-axle bogies
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Length	43 ft 10+3⁄4 in (13,379 mm)
Width	8 ft 3 in (2,515 mm)
Height	11 ft 7+1⁄4 in (3,537 mm)
Bogies	♠ Diamond-frame ♥ SARCAST
Wheel dia.	34 in (864 mm)
Wheelbase	35 ft 9 in (10,897 mm)
• Bogie	5 ft 9 in (1,753 mm)
Axle load	12 LT 8 cwt 3 qtr (12,640 kg)
• Bogie	24 LT 17 cwt 3 qtr (25,290 kg)
Weight empty	43,211 lb (19,600 kg)
Weight w/o	49 LT 15 cwt 3 qtr (50,590 kg)
Water cap.	♠ 6,750 imp gal (30,700 L) ♥ 6,815 imp gal (31,000 L)
Couplers	AAR knuckle (SASKOP S)

Career
Operators	South African Railways
Numbers	♠ 2291-2306 ♥ 2572-2596, 4051-4075

The South African type X-17 water tender was a Garratt steam locomotive tender.

Type X-17 water tenders first entered service in 1938, as auxiliary water tenders to the Class GM 4-8-2+2-8-4 Double Mountain type Garratt steam locomotives which entered service on the South African Railways in that year.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Manufacturers

The first Type X-17 water tenders were built by the South African Railways (SAR) in its Pietermaritzburg shops in 1938. A redesigned second version was built in 1953.^[1]^[2]^[4]^[5]

During 1938 and 1939, the SAR placed sixteen Class GM Garratt articulated steam locomotives with a 4-8-2+2-8-4 Double Mountain type wheel arrangement in goods train service on the Mafeking line out of Johannesburg. The locomotives were built by Beyer, Peacock & Company. The initial designs of the Class GM Garratt by W.A.J. Day, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the SAR from 1936 to 1939, were rejected by the Chief Civil Engineer, since the weight on the leading and trailing bogies of each engine unit would exceed the acceptable limit for the 60 pounds per yard (29.8 kilograms per metre) rail of the Mafeking line. To overcome the axle load objections, the water capacity of the front water tank was reduced to 1,600 imperial gallons (7,270 litres; 1,920 US gallons) while the rear bunker was redesigned to carry no water and with a coal capacity of 10 long tons (10.2 tonnes; 11.2 short tons). The meagre water supply, which would really only be sufficient for shunting purposes, would be augmented by semi-permanently coupling a purpose-built auxiliary water tender to the locomotive.^[1]^[2]^[3]

The Type X-17 water tender first entered service as tenders to these locomotives. In effect, since Garratt locomotives had hitherto been considered as tank engines because they carry all their water on board, this arrangement introduced the tank-and-tender Garratt. In spite of initial criticisms and doubts, the unusual arrangement of auxiliary water tenders which had earlier only been seen on the Kitson-Meyer locomotives of the Cape Government Railways and Central South African Railways of 1903 and 1904 respectively, proved to be very effective and was later repeated upon the introduction of the Classes GMA and GO Garratts in 1954. On the Class GM, the 1,600 imperial gallons (7,270 litres) on-board water tank on the front engine unit was only used when the water tender was temporarily disconnected from the engine at running sheds.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Characteristics

Photographs from the 1940s show the original water tenders with a traditional high turret. The water tenders of 1938 had a water capacity of 6,750 imperial gallons (30,700 litres; 8,110 US gallons) and rode on diamond-frame bogies (similar to North American Archbar trucks) with elliptical springs.^[1]^[4]^[5]

A second version of the Type X-17 water tender was built in 1953, for use with the first 25 Class GMA and the 25 Class GO Garratt locomotives which were to enter service the following year. These water tenders had a low flat-topped turret with a hinged hatch and a curved handrail across the tank barrel, similar to that of the Type MX tender. They had a capacity of 30,980 litres (8,184 US gallons; 6,815 imperial gallons), with a tank barrel of 1,975 millimetres (6 feet 5+3⁄4 inches) diameter inside and 10,312 millimetres (33 feet 10 inches) long. It rode on SARCAST bogies (similar to North American Bettendorf trucks) with coil springs.^[4]^[5]^[6]

The vehicles were 13,380 millimetres (43 feet 10+3⁄4 inches) long over the coupler faces and 12,496 millimetres (41 feet) across the buffer beams.^[5]^[6]

Locomotives

Three Garratt locomotive classes were designed as tank-and-tender Garratts and rarely worked without auxiliary water tenders. The Type X-17 water tenders were originally numbered for these engines in the number ranges as shown.^[1]^[4]^[5]

1938: Class GM, numbers 2291 to 2306.
1954: Class GMA, first batch, numbers 4051 to 4075.
1954: Class GO, numbers 2572 to 2596.

When the SAR adopted a computerised goods wagon numbering system, the surviving Type X-17 water tenders were allocated numbers in the range from 30 019 052 to 30 019 125 (short numbers 1905 to 1912) in respect of the 1938 models and in the number range from 30 019 214 to 30 019 672 (short numbers 1921 to 1967) in respect of the 1953 models. Water tenders bearing "X-17" markings have, however, been photographed bearing numbers in the 30 025 xxx number range of the Type X-20 water tenders.^[4]

Preservation

After the end of steam operations in the late 1980s, most of the watering facilities which once existed country-wide have either fallen into disuse or been removed. The Pretoria-based steam heritage club Friends of the Rail and the Germiston-based Reefsteamers therefore often operate their preserved Class 15F steam locomotives with preserved auxiliary water tenders to extend their water range.

Illustration

High turret Type X-17 auxiliary water tender on Class GM, c. 1940
Low turret Auxiliary water tender on Class 15F, 2000

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Holland, D. F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. Vol. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: David & Charles. pp. 96–97, 110–114. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1946). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued). South African Railways & Harbours Magazine, November 1946. pp. 894-896.
^ ^a ^b ^c Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0869772112.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e South African Railways (1985). Rolling Stock Diagrams. Reference CXG 6/4/2/3. Issued 1 April 1985. SAR Head Office, Johannesburg.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Transnet (1991). Transnet Index and Diagrams of Goods Vehicles, Part II, Tank Wagons. Reference S/RM(WV) 15/8/5/5. 30 July 1991. Anker Building, Verwoerdburgstad. p. X-17.
^ ^a ^b Spoornet truck manual for customers per business sector, untitled and undated

South African steam locomotive tenders

Cape gauge

Type FT

Type GT

Type HT

Type KT

Type LP

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London 0-4-0VB Table Bay 0-4-0ST Table Bay 0-4-0T Table Bay 0-4-0WT
Standard gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance
Cape gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST CGR 0-6-0T CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack 4-6-4RT CSAR Railmotor Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 13 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Railmotor SAR Dock 0-4-0ST SAR Dock 0-4-0T SWA 2-8-0T
Cape gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 BP CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 Joy CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C 1st SAR Class 14C 2nd SAR Class 14C 3rd SAR Class 14C 4th SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA 1928 SAR Class 16DA 1930 SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 SAR Katanga SWA 2-8-0
Cape gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U
2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper John King & Miner Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Namaqua Copper Pioneer Walvis Bay 2-4-2T Hope
2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-4-0T CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR Dutton SAR NG 0-4-0T SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16 SWA Class Ha SWA Class Hb SWA Class Hc SWA Class Hd SWA Jung SWA Zwillinge

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Gas-electric

SAR Gas-electric

Diesel

Cape gauge Diesel–electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 TFR Class 35-800 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000 TFR Class 45-000
2' gauge Diesel–electric	SAR Class 91-000
Cape gauge Diesel–hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000
Cape gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

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Steam locomotive tenders of South Africa

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