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Sunda plate - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sunda plate

Type	Minor
Movement¹	east
Speed¹	11–14 mm/year
Features	Mainland Southeast Asia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Bali, South China Sea
¹Relative to the African plate

The Sunda plate is a minor tectonic plate straddling the equator in the Eastern Hemisphere on which the majority of Southeast Asia is located.^[1]

The Sunda plate was formerly considered a part of the Eurasian plate, but the GPS measurements have confirmed its independent movement at 10 mm/yr eastward relative to Eurasia.^[2]

Extent

The Sunda plate includes the South China Sea, the Andaman Sea, southern parts of Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos and Thailand along with Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia, southern Philippines, and the islands of Bali, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and part of Sulawesi in Indonesia.

The Sunda is bounded in the east by the Philippine Mobile Belt, Molucca Sea Collision Zone, Molucca Sea plate, Banda Sea plate and Timor plate; to the south and west by the Australian plate; and to the north by the Burma plate, Eurasian plate; and Yangtze plate. The Indo-Australian plate dips beneath the Sunda plate along the Sunda Trench also known as Java Trench, which generates frequent earthquakes and tsunamis.^[1]

The plate margin between the lower Indo-Australian plate and the upper Sunda plate, features a unique form of subduction near the island of Timor. The subduction that occurred between the upper plate and lower plate started as oceanic plate subducting under oceanic. However, it then transitioned to continental passive margin subducting under oceanic plate. This rare phenomenon continues due to the previously subducted oceanic plate continuing to drag the continental plate under the oceanic upper plate. GPS data provides insights into the consequences of speed and direction of the colliding Indo-Australian plate and the Sunda plate. This data shows that lower Indo-Australian plate is the main driver for deformation seen in the nearby Sunda-Banda Arc system. The strain that is created within this system results in shortening, with the greatest concentration in the forearc and backarc. Active shortening is occurring within the Banda Orogen.^[3]^[4]

The eastern, southern, and western boundaries of the Sunda plate are tectonically complex and seismically active. Only the northern boundary is relatively quiescent.

References

^ ^a ^b Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E.; Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 87. ISBN 978-9625938882.
^ Socquet, Anne; Wim Simons; Christophe Vigny; Robert McCaffrey; Cecep Subarya; Dina Sarsito; Boudewijn Ambrosius; Wim Spakman (2006). "Microblock rotations and fault coupling in SE Asia triple junction (Sulawesi, Indonesia) from GPS and earthquake slip vector data". Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (B8). Bibcode:2006JGRB..111.8409S. doi:10.1029/2005JB003963. ISSN 0148-0227.
^ Nugroho, Hendro; Harris, Ron; Lestariya, Amin W.; Maruf, Bilal (December 2009). "Plate boundary reorganization in the active Banda Arc–continent collision: Insights from new GPS measurements". Tectonophysics. 479 (1–2): 52–65. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.01.026. ISSN 0040-1951.
^ Harris, Ron (2009-06-01). "Transition from subduction to arc-continent collision: Geologic and neotectonic evolution of Savu Island, Indonesia". Geosphere. 5 (3). doi:10.1130/ges00209.s1. ISSN 1553-040X.

v t e Tectonic plates
Major plates	African Antarctic Eurasian Indo-Australian Australian Indian North American Pacific South American
Minor plates	Amurian Arabian Burma Caribbean Caroline Cocos Indian Nazca New Hebrides Okhotsk Philippine Scotia Somali Sunda Yangtze
Microplates	Adriatic Aegean Sea Anatolian Balmoral Reef Banda Sea Bird's Head Capricorn Coiba Conway Reef Explorer Futuna Galápagos Gonâve Gorda Greenland Halmahera Iberian Iranian Juan de Fuca Juan Fernández Kerguelen Kermadec Lwandle Madagascar Malpelo Manus Maoke Mariana Molucca Sea Niuafo’ou North Andes North Bismarck North Galápagos Okinawa Panama Pelso Philippine Mobile Belt Rivera Rovuma Sangihe Seychelles Shetland Solomon Sea South Bismarck South Sandwich Timor Tisza Tonga Trobriand Victoria Woodlark
Ancient plates	Baltic Bellingshausen Charcot Cimmeria Farallon Insular Intermontane Izanagi Kula Lhasa Malvinas Moa Phoenix Kshiroda
Oceanic ridges	Aden Ridge Carlsberg Ridge Central Indian Ridge Chile Ridge Cocos Ridge East Pacific Rise Explorer Ridge Gakkel Ridge Galápagos Spreading Center Gorda Ridge Juan de Fuca Ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge Knipovich Ridge Kolbeinsey Ridge Mohns Ridge Reykjanes Ridge Pacific–Antarctic Ridge South American–Antarctic Ridge Southeast Indian Ridge Southwest Indian Ridge
Ancient oceanic ridges	Aegir Ridge Alpha Ridge Antarctic–Phoenix Ridge Kula–Farallon Ridge Mid-Labrador Ridge Pacific–Farallon Ridge Pacific–Kula Ridge
Geology portal List Category Commons

Tectonic plates of Southeast Asia–New Guinea (Australian plate–Pacific plate convergence zone)

Large

Small

West	Burma plate
Philippines	Philippine Mobile Belt
Indonesia	Banda Sea plate Bird's Head plate Halmahera plate Molucca Sea Collision Zone Molucca Sea plate Sangihe plate Timor plate
New Guinea	Maoke plate North Bismarck plate Manus plate Solomon Sea plate South Bismarck plate Trobriand plate Woodlark plate

Faults

Trenches
and troughs

Java Trench (Sunda) with Mentawai Trough Sunda Trough Timor Trough
Philippines	Cotabato Trench Manila Trench North Luzon Trough Negros Trench Palawan Trench Philippine Trench East Luzon Trench Sulu Trench
Sulawesi and Moluccas	Aru Trough Banda Trench Ceram Trough Salajar Trough Sangihe Trough Talaud Trough Ternate Trough
Timor	Aur Trough Tanimbar Trough
New Guinea	Ayu Trough Kilinailau Trench Manokwari Trough Lyra Trough Mussau Trough New Guinea Trench Pocklington Trough New Britain Trench (Bougainville) West Caroline Trough West Melanesian Trench

Subsea plateaus
and basins

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Extent

See also

References

Further reading