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Swarming motility - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Swarming motility is a rapid (2–10 μm/s) and coordinated translocation of a bacterial population across solid or semi-solid surfaces,^[1] and is an example of bacterial multicellularity and swarm behaviour. Swarming motility was first reported by Jorgen Henrichsen^[2] and has been mostly studied in genus Serratia,^[3]^[4] Salmonella,^[5] Aeromonas,^[6] Bacillus,^[7] Yersinia,^[8] Pseudomonas,^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] Proteus,^[14] Vibrio^[15]^[16] and Escherichia.^[17]^[18]

This multicellular behavior has been mostly observed in controlled laboratory conditions and relies on two critical elements: 1) the nutrient composition and 2) viscosity of culture medium (i.e. % agar).^[5] One particular feature of this type of motility is the formation of dendritic fractal-like patterns formed by migrating swarms moving away from an initial location. Although the majority of species can produce tendrils when swarming, some species like Proteus mirabilis do form concentric circles motif instead of dendritic patterns.^[19]

Biosurfactant, quorum sensing and swarming

In some species, swarming motility requires the self-production of biosurfactant to occur.^[5]^[20] Biosurfactant synthesis is usually under the control of an intercellular communication system called quorum sensing. Biosurfactant molecules are thought to act by lowering surface tension, thus permitting bacteria to move across a surface.

Cellular differentiation

Swarming bacteria undergo morphological differentiation that distinguish them from their planktonic state. Cells localized at migration front are typically hyperelongated, hyperflagellated and grouped in multicellular raft structures.^[11]^[12]^[21]^[22]

Ecological significance

The fundamental role of swarming motility remains unknown. However, it has been observed that active swarming bacteria of Salmonella typhimurium shows an elevated resistance to certain antibiotics compared to undifferentiated cells.^[23]

References

^ Harshey, Rasika M. (2003-01-01). "Bacterial Motility on a Surface: Many Ways to a Common Goal". Annual Review of Microbiology. 57 (1): 249–73. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.091014. PMID 14527279.
^ Henrichsen, J (1972). "Bacterial surface translocation: a survey and a classification". Bacteriological Reviews. 36 (4): 478–503. doi:10.1128/MMBR.36.4.478-503.1972. PMC 408329. PMID 4631369.
^ Alberti, L; Harshey, RM (1990). "Differentiation of Serratia marcescens 274 into swimmer and swarmer cells". Journal of Bacteriology. 172 (8): 4322–28. doi:10.1128/jb.172.8.4322-4328.1990. PMC 213257. PMID 2198253.
^ Eberl, L; Molin, S; Givskov, M (1999). "Surface Motility of Serratia liquefaciens MG1". Journal of Bacteriology. 181 (6): 1703–12. doi:10.1128/JB.181.6.1703-1712.1999. PMC 93566. PMID 10074060.
^ ^a ^b ^c Harshey, Rasika M. (1994). "Bees aren't the only ones: swarming in Gram-negative bacteria". Molecular Microbiology. 13 (3): 389–94. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00433.x. PMID 7997156. S2CID 21068729.
^ Kirov, S.M.; Tassell, B.C.; Semmler, A.B.T.; O'Donovan, L.A.; Rabaan, A.A.; Shaw, J.G. (2002). "Lateral Flagella and Swarming Motility in Aeromonas Species". Journal of Bacteriology. 184 (2): 547–55. doi:10.1128/JB.184.2.547-555.2002. PMC 139559. PMID 11751834.
^ Kearns, Daniel B.; Losick, Richard (2004). "Swarming motility in undomesticated Bacillus subtilis". Molecular Microbiology. 49 (3): 581–90. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03584.x. PMID 12864845.
^ Young, GM; Smith, MJ; Minnich, SA; Miller, VL (1999). "The Yersinia enterocolitica Motility Master Regulatory Operon, flhDC, Is Required for Flagellin Production, Swimming Motility, and Swarming Motility". Journal of Bacteriology. 181 (9): 2823–33. doi:10.1128/JB.181.9.2823-2833.1999. PMC 93725. PMID 10217774.
^ Déziel, E; Lépine, F; Milot, S; Villemur, R (2003). "rhlA is required for the production of a novel biosurfactant promoting swarming motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acids (HAAs), the precursors of rhamnolipids" (PDF). Microbiology. 149 (Pt 8): 2005–13. doi:10.1099/mic.0.26154-0. PMID 12904540.
^ Tremblay, Julien; Richardson, Anne-Pascale; Lépine, François; Déziel, Eric (2007). "Self-produced extracellular stimuli modulate the Pseudomonas aeruginosa swarming motility behaviour". Environmental Microbiology. 9 (10): 2622–30. Bibcode:2007EnvMi...9.2622T. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01396.x. PMID 17803784.
^ ^a ^b Köhler, T; Curty, LK; Barja, F; Van Delden, C; Pechère, JC (2000). "Swarming of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Is Dependent on Cell-to-Cell Signaling and Requires Flagella and Pili". Journal of Bacteriology. 182 (21): 5990–96. doi:10.1128/JB.182.21.5990-5996.2000. PMC 94731. PMID 11029417.
^ ^a ^b Rashid, MH; Kornberg, A (2000). "Inorganic polyphosphate is needed for swimming, swarming, and twitching motilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (9): 4885–90. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4885H. doi:10.1073/pnas.060030097. PMC 18327. PMID 10758151.
^ Caiazza, N.C.; Shanks, R.M.Q.; O'Toole, G.A. (2005). "Rhamnolipids Modulate Swarming Motility Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Journal of Bacteriology. 187 (21): 7351–61. doi:10.1128/JB.187.21.7351-7361.2005. PMC 1273001. PMID 16237018.
^ Rather, Philip N. (2005). "Swarmer cell differentiation in Proteus mirabilis". Environmental Microbiology. 7 (8): 1065–73. Bibcode:2005EnvMi...7.1065R. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00806.x. PMID 16011745.
^ McCarter, L.; Silverman, M. (1990). "Surface-induced swarmer cell differentiation of Vibrio parahaemoiyticus". Molecular Microbiology. 4 (7): 1057–62. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00678.x. PMID 2233248.
^ McCarter, Linda L. (2004). "Dual Flagellar Systems Enable Motility under Different Circumstances". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. 7 (1–2): 18–29. doi:10.1159/000077866. PMID 15170400. S2CID 21963003.
^ Harshey, RM; Matsuyama, T (1994). "Dimorphic transition in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: surface-induced differentiation into hyperflagellate swarmer cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (18): 8631–35. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.8631H. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.18.8631. PMC 44660. PMID 8078935.
^ Burkart, M; Toguchi, A; Harshey, RM (1998). "The chemotaxis system, but not chemotaxis, is essential for swarming motility in Escherichia coli". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (5): 2568–73. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.2568B. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.5.2568. PMC 19416. PMID 9482927.
^ Matsuyama, Tohey; Takagi, Yuko; Nakagawa, Yoji; Itoh, Hiroto; Wakita, Junichi; Matsushita, Mitsugu (2000-01-15). "Dynamic Aspects of the Structured Cell Population in a Swarming Colony of Proteus mirabilis". Journal of Bacteriology. 182 (2): 385–393. doi:10.1128/JB.182.2.385-393.2000. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 94287. PMID 10629184.
^ Daniels, Ruth; Vanderleyden, Jos; Michiels, Jan (2004). "Quorum sensing and swarming migration in bacteria". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 28 (3): 261–89. doi:10.1016/j.femsre.2003.09.004. PMID 15449604.
^ Julkowska, D.; Obuchowski, M; Holland, IB; Séror, SJ (2004). "Branched swarming patterns on a synthetic medium formed by wild-type Bacillus subtilis strain 3610: detection of different cellular morphologies and constellations of cells as the complex architecture develops". Microbiology. 150 (Pt 6): 1839–49. doi:10.1099/mic.0.27061-0. PMID 15184570.
^ Hamze, K.; Autret, S.; Hinc, K.; Laalami, S.; Julkowska, D.; Briandet, R.; Renault, M.; Absalon, C.; Holland, I. B. (2011-01-01). "Single-cell analysis in situ in a Bacillus subtilis swarming community identifies distinct spatially separated subpopulations differentially expressing hag (flagellin), including specialized swarmers". Microbiology. 157 (9): 2456–2469. doi:10.1099/mic.0.047159-0. PMID 21602220.
^ Kim, W.; Killam, T.; Sood, V.; Surette, M. G. (2003). "Swarm-Cell Differentiation in Salmonellaenterica Serovar Typhimurium Results in Elevated Resistance to Multiple Antibiotics". Journal of Bacteriology. 185 (10): 3111–7. doi:10.1128/JB.185.10.3111-3117.2003. PMC 154059. PMID 12730171.

v t e Swarming
Biological swarming	Agent-based model in biology Collective animal behavior Droving Flock flocking sort sol Herd herd behavior Locust Mixed-species foraging flock Mobbing behavior feeding frenzy Pack pack hunter Patterns of self-organization in ants ant mill symmetry breaking of escaping ants Shoaling and schooling bait ball Swarming behaviour Swarming (honey bee) Swarming motility
Animal migration	Animal migration altitudinal tracking history coded wire tag Bird migration flyways reverse migration Cell migration Fish migration diel vertical Lessepsian salmon run sardine run Homing natal philopatry Insect migration butterflies monarch Sea turtle migration
Swarm algorithms	Agent-based models Ant colony optimization Boids Crowd simulation Particle swarm optimization Swarm intelligence Swarm (simulation)
Collective motion	Active matter Collective motion Self-propelled particles clustering Vicsek model BIO-LGCA
Swarm robotics	Ant robotics Microbotics Nanorobotics Swarm robotics Symbrion
Related topics	Allee effect Animal navigation Collective intelligence Decentralised system Eusociality Group size measures Microbial intelligence Mutualism Predator satiation Quorum sensing Spatial organization Stigmergy Military swarming Task allocation and partitioning of social insects

Category:

Bacteriology

Biosurfactant, quorum sensing and swarming

Cellular differentiation

Ecological significance

See also

References