A talar or talaar (Persian: تالار) is a type of porch or hall in Iranian architecture. It generally refers to a porch fronting a building, supported by columns, and open on one or three sides.[1][2] The term is also applied more widely to denote a throne hall or audience hall with some of these features.[1]
History
The columned hall or porch has its roots in ancient Persia, as seen in the Achaemenid palace in Persepolis, as well as in Greco-Roman houses and possibly even in the tents of Central Asian nomads who moved into Iran over the centuries.[1] The talar can also refer to the representation of a throne carved on the rock-cut tomb of Darius at Naqsh-e Rostam, near Persepolis, and above the portico which was copied from his palace.[3]
The talar was revived in Iranian architecture under Abbas the Great (r. 1588–1629) during the Safavid era. Safavid architects appropriated the idea of a columned hall from Achaemenid examples and used it in the design of new royal palaces and pavilions, most notably the Ali Qapu and Chehel Sotoun palaces in Isfahan during the 17th century.[1][4][2] In these examples, the talar is open on three sides.[5]
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Karim Khan Zand, the ruler of Shiraz in the mid-18th century, borrowed from Safavid models and employed this feature in new ways for the design of his own palaces in Shiraz. Here, the talar was combined with an iwan (vaulted hall open to one side) to form pillared halls opening onto a courtyard on one side.[6]
Under the Qajar dynasty, which eventually captured Shiraz and reunified Iran at the end of the 18th century, this feature was imported to the new royal palaces in Tehran.[6][5] Under the Qajars, a talar could refer to a relatively simple hall open on one side with columns, such as the Talar e-Marmar (containing the Takht-e Marmar, the Marble Throne[7]) built by Fath Ali Shah in the Golestan Palace in the 19th century.[5] The talar continued to be a popular design feature of aristocratic houses and pavilions in Shiraz, such as those of the Qavam family.[8] It was even employed during the early 20th century, under the Pahlavi dynasty, as part of the Persian revivalist trends in architecture during this time.[5]
Description
In ancient times, as depicted in the sculptured façade of the tomb of Darius at Persepolis show, the talar had three tiers, with Atlant statues upholding each.[9] This design typified the subject-people of the monarch.[9]
The talar built by the Qajar dynasty as part of the Golestan Palace is a spacious chamber with flat ceiling decorated with mirror panels.[10] The walls are also decorated with mirror work called Ayeneh-kari, which produced numerous angles and coruscations.[10]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Babaie, Sussan (2008). Isfahan and its Palaces: Statecraft, Shi'ism and the Architecture of Conviviality in Early Modern Iran. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 157–158. ISBN 978-0-7486-3376-0.
- ^ a b Grigor, Talinn (2021). The Persian Revival: The Imperialism of the Copy in Iranian and Parsi Architecture. Penn State Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-271-08968-3.
- ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Talar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 366.
- ^ Alemi, Mahvash; Pirani, Khalil K. (2013). "Persian Gardens and Courtyards: An Approach to the design of Contemporary Architecture". In Petruccioli, Attilo; Pirani, Khalil K. (eds.). Understanding Islamic Architecture. Routledge. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-136-85131-5.
- ^ a b c d Grigor, Talinn (2017). "Kings and Traditions in Différance: Antiquity Revisited in Post-Safavid Iran". In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 1089–1097. ISBN 9781119068662.
- ^ a b Grigor, Talinn (2021). The Persian Revival: The Imperialism of the Copy in Iranian and Parsi Architecture. Penn State Press. pp. 142–144. ISBN 978-0-271-08968-3.
- ^ Grigor, Talinn (2021). The Persian Revival: The Imperialism of the Copy in Iranian and Parsi Architecture. Penn State Press. pp. 142–144. ISBN 978-0-271-08968-3.
- ^ Grigor, Talinn (2021). The Persian Revival: The Imperialism of the Copy in Iranian and Parsi Architecture. Penn State Press. pp. 171–176. ISBN 978-0-271-08968-3.
- ^ a b Banerjee, Gauranga Nath (2012). Hellenism in Ancient India. Bremen: Outlook. p. 58. ISBN 978-3-86403-414-5.
- ^ a b Curzon, George N. (2005). Persia and the Persian Question: Volume One. Oxon: Routledge. p. 312. ISBN 9780714619699.
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