Ensiklopedia Dunia

Technopedia Center

Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science
S1 Informatics S1 Information Systems S1 Information Technology S1 Computer Engineering S1 Electrical Engineering S1 Civil Engineering

faculty of Economics and Business
S1 Management S1 Accountancy

Faculty of Letters and Educational Sciences
S1 English literature S1 English language education S1 Mathematics education S1 Sports Education

Taloid languages - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Taloid
Geographic distribution	Yunnan, China
Ethnicity	Yi
Linguistic classification	Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) Lolo–Burmese Loloish Lisoish Lalo–Lavu^[1] Taloid
Language codes
Glottolog	`kuan1251` ((partial))

Taloid is a cluster of languages in the Lisoish branch of Lolo–Burmese.

Languages

Yang, et al. (2017)^[2] lists the following languages as belonging to the Taloid cluster of languages, whose speakers are descendants of soldiers sent by the Nanzhao Kingdom from the Dali region to be stationed in northwestern Yunnan. Taloid languages are most closely related to Lalo, Lolopo, and Lipo, all of which share the lexical innovation a¹to^L for 'fire'. They are spoken primarily in Yongsheng County and Heqing County. Popei 泼佩 is spoken in Huaping County, while Gomotage is spoken in Eryuan County.

Talu 他留, Nazan 纳咱
Lang'e 崀峨, Lavu 拉务
Tagu 塔古
Popei 泼佩 (Shuitian 水田)
Naruo 纳若 (Shuitian 水田)
Kua-nsi 跨恩斯
Kuamasi 跨玛斯
Laizisi 莱兹斯
Zibusi 子逋斯
Sonaga 锁内嘎
Gomotage 俄毛柔

Andy Castro, et al. (2010)^[3] have reported the discovery of 5 languages in Heqing County, Yunnan that are most closely related to Talu (他留话) of Yongsheng County. Autonyms are from Castro (2010:25). Sonaga is the most divergent, while the other four languages comprise a core subclade.

Kua-nsi (khua33 n̩21 sɨ55; 跨恩斯话): 5,000+ speakers
Kuamasi (khua33 ma33 sɨ55; 跨玛斯话)
Laizisi (lai21 dzɨ̠55 sɨ55; 莱兹斯话)
Zibusi (zɨ21 pu55 sɨ55; 子逋斯话)
Sonaga (so21 na33 ka̠33; 锁内嘎话): 2,000+ speakers

Gomotage (ɣɔ21 mɔ33 ta55 ɣə21; also known as ɣɔ31 mɔ33 zɔ31 or Emaorou 俄毛柔^[4]) of Eryuan County is also probably related to Kua-nsi (Yang 2010:7).

Other languages that may belong to the Taloid cluster include:^[5]

Awu, Northern 阿乌(北): 3,000 speakers in Peiyuan 培元村,^[6] Shuiping 水坪村,^[7] and Yongle 永乐村^[8] Villages of Da'an Township 大安彝族纳西族乡, Yongsheng County
Liude 六得: 500 speakers in 3 villages of Liude Township 六德乡, Yongsheng County.^[9]
Liwu 里乌: 4,000 speakers in Yongsheng County, in Liang'e 良峨^[10] and Jifu 吉福^[11] Villages of Xinghu Township 星湖村
Tazhi: spoken by a few hundred people in Puwei Township 普威镇, northern Miyi County 米易县, Sichuan. The Tazhi claim they came from northern Yunnan centuries ago. It is moribund or extinct, and is perhaps related to Talu, Tagu, or other languages of Yongsheng County.^[9]
Ta'er 塔尔 of Ninglang County, spoken by about 1,000 people^[12]^[13]

Innovations

Some Taloid lexical innovations are:^[2]

head hair (头发) > fur (毛) + hair (头发)
'sky' > my²di¹mo³
'mouth' > kʰa²bi²

Taloid phonological innovations are:^[2]

*a > u
*ak > a̱
*(-)rwe > ua
*(-)r/way > ua

References

^ Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages: A Study from the Perspectives of Shared Innovation and Phylogenetic Estimation (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. p. 145. hdl:10106/11161.
^ ^a ^b ^c Yang, Cathryn; Kwok Wailing 范秀琳 Zhou Decai 周德才; Yang Wenjing 杨文静. 2017. The Taloid Cluster of Northwestern Yunnan: Loyal Soldiers of the Nanzhao Kingdom / 滇西北彝语他留土群：忠诚的南诏战士. Presented at ICSTLL 50, Beijing, China.
^ Castro, Andy; Crook, Brian; Flaming, Royce (2010), A sociolinguistic survey of Kua-nsi and related Yi varieties in Heqing county, Yunnan province, China (PDF), SIL International, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-08
^ Duan Ling [段伶]. 1998. A sketch of Emaorou Yi [彝语俄毛柔话概说]. In Dali Normal University Journal [大理师专学报], Vol. 3.
^ "People Group Profiles - Asia Harvest". asiaharvest.org.
^ "永胜县大安彝族纳西族乡培元村委会". Retrieved 7 November 2016.
^ "永胜县大安彝族纳西族乡水坪村委会". Retrieved 7 November 2016.
^ "永胜县大安彝族纳西族乡永乐村委会". Retrieved 7 November 2016.
^ ^a ^b Bradley, David. 2004. Endangered Central Ngwi Languages of Central Yunnan. Keynote Presentation, 37th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Lund University, Sweden.
^ "永胜县程海镇莨峨村委会". Retrieved 7 November 2016.
^ "永胜县程海镇吉福村委会". Retrieved 7 November 2016.
^ "Ta'er" (PDF). asiaharvest.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
^ "Ta'er". asiaharvest.org (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2017-12-12.

Languages of China

Official

Standard Chinese

Regional

ARs / SARs	Cantonese^HK/MC English^HK Mongolian^NM Portuguese^MC Tibetan^XZ Uyghur^XJ Zhuang^GX
Prefecture	Hmong Kam Bouyei Tujia Korean Qiang Yi Kyrgyz Kazakh Tai Nüa Tai Lü Zaiwa Lisu Bai Hani Zhuang
Counties/Banners	numerous

Indigenous

Sino-Tibetan languages

Hanoish	Akeu Akha Amu Angluo Asuo Baihong Bisu Budu Bukong Cosao Duoni Duota Enu Habei Hani Honi Jino Kabie Kaduo Lami Laomian Laopin Mpi Muda Nuobi Nuomei Phana’ Piyo Qidi Sadu Sangkong Suobi Tsukong Woni Yiche
Lisoish	Eka Hlersu Kua-nsi Kuamasi Laizisi Lalo Lamu Lavu Lawu Limi Lipo Lisu Lolopo Mangdi Micha Mili Sonaga Toloza Xuzhang Yangliu Zibusi
Nisoish	Alingpo Alugu Aluo Axi Azha Azhe Bokha Gepo Khlula Lope Moji Muji Muzi Nasu Nisu Nuosu Phala Phola Phowa Phukha Phuma Phupa Phupha Phuza Samei Sani Thopho Zokhuo
Other	Gokhy Katso Kucong Lahu Naruo Namuyi Naxi Nusu Samu Sanie Zauzou

Qiangic

Tibetic

Other

Other languages

Austroasiatic

Hmong-Mien

Hmongic	A-Hmao Bu-Nao Gejia Guiyang Hm Nai Hmong Hmu Huishui Kiong Nai Luobohe Mashan Pa-Hng Pa Na Pingtang Qo Xiong Raojia She Small Flowery Xixiu Younuo
Mienic	Biao Min Dzao Min Iu Mien Kim Mun

Mongolic

Kra-Dai

Zhuang	Bouyei Dai Min Ningming Nong Tai Dam Tai Dón Tai Hongjin Tai Lü Tai Nüa Tai Ya Yang Yei
Other	Ai-Cham Biao Buyang Cao Miao Chadong Cun Gelao Hlai Jiamao Kam Lakkja Mak Maonan Mulam Naxi Yao Ong Be Paha Qabiao Sui Then

Tungusic

Turkic

Other

Sarikoli (Indo-European)
Tsat (Austronesian)
Formosan languages (Austronesian)

Minority

Varieties of
Chinese

Mandarin
- Northeastern
- Beijing
- Ji-Lu
- Jiao-Liao
- Zhongyuan
  - Lan-Yin
- Jin
- Southwestern
  - Sichuanese
- Southeastern
Gan
Hakka
Hui
Min
- Southern
  - Hokkien
  - Teoswa
  - Hainanese
- Eastern
- Puxian
- Central
- Northern
- Shaojiang
Wu
- Northern
- Auish
Xiang
- New
- Old
Yue
- Cantonese
- Ping

Creole/Mixed

Extinct

Sign

Chinese Sign
- Northern (Beijing) Sign
- Southern (Shanghai) Sign
  - Hong Kong Sign^HK/MC
Tibetan Sign^XZ

GX = Guangxi
HK = Hong Kong
MC = Macau
NM = Inner Mongolia
XJ = Xinjiang
XZ = Tibet

Sino-Tibetan branches

Western Himalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)

West Himalayish
Tamangic
Newaric
- Newar
- Baram–Thangmi
Kiranti
Dhimalish
- Dhimal
- Toto
- Lhokpu
Lepcha

Greater Magaric	Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange

Eastern Himalayas
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)

Bodish
- Tibetic
- East Bodish
- Tshangla
- Basum
- Nam?
Gongduk
ʼOle
Tani
Chamdo

Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border

Karbi
Kuki-Chin
Mruic
- Mru
- Hkongso
Pyu
Taman

"Naga"	Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme
Sal	Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish

East and Southeast Asia

Sinitic
Bai
Tujia
Nungish
Karenic
Gong
Kathu
Cai–Long
- Caijia
- Longjia
- Luren

Burmo-Qiangic	Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish

Dubious (possible
isolates) (Arunachal)

Greater Siangic	Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon

Proposed groupings

Proto-languages

Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

Lolo-Burmese languages

Mondzish

Kathu	Kathu
Nuclear Mondzish	Maang Manga Mango Mantsi Maza Muangphe Mauphu Motang Mongphu

Loloish
(Yi)
(Ngwi)

Southern Loloish
(Southern Ngwi)
(Hanoish)

Hanoid

Akha	Akha Chepya Muteun Muda
Hani	Hani Nuomei Nuobi Lami Luomian Angluo Guohe Guozuo Gehuo Yiche Qidi Kabie
Haoni	Honi Woni Baihong Bukong Budu Suobi Duoni Duota Asuo Amu

Bisoid

Siloid

Bi-Ka

Mpi

Jino

Jino

Central Loloish
(Central Ngwi)

Lawoish

Lahoish

Lahu
Kucong

Nusoish

Nusu
Zauzou

Lisoish

Laloid	Lalo (Western Yi) Yangliu Eka Mangdi Xuzhang Alu
Taloid	Talu Lavu Lang'e Tagu Popei Naruo Kua-nsi Kuamasi Laizisi Zibusi Sonaga Gomotage

Northern Loloish
(Northern Ngwi)
(Nisoid)

Nosoid	Nuosu (Northern Yi) Nyisu (Yellow Yi)
Nasoid	Nasu (Eastern Yi) Chesu Luoji Gepo Ku Aluo

Southeastern Loloish
(Southeastern Ngwi)
(Axi-Puoid)

Nisu	Nisu (Southern Yi) Lope
Sani–Azha	Sani (Southeastern Yi) Axi Azhe Azha Alingpo Samei
Highland Phula	Khlula Muji Muzi Moji Laghuu Phowa Phukha Thopho Zokhuo
Riverine Phula	Phola Phupa