Ensiklopedia Dunia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (October 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions.

Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Eurasische Maulwürfe]]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Eurasische Maulwürfe}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Talpa Temporal range: Miocene to Recent^[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

European mole (Talpa europaea)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Eulipotyphla
Family:	Talpidae
Tribe:	Talpini
Genus:	Talpa Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Talpa europaea^[2] Linnaeus, 1758
Species
See text

Talpa^[3] is a genus in the mole family Talpidae. Among the first taxa in science,^[4] Carolus Linnaeus used the Latin word for "mole", talpa, in his Regnum Animale to refer to the commonly known European form of mole. The group has since been expanded to include 13 extant species, found primarily in Europe and western Asia. The European mole, found throughout most of Europe, is a member of this genus, as are several species restricted to small ranges. One species, Père David's mole, is data deficient. These moles eat earthworms, insects, and other invertebrates found in the soil.

The females of this genus have rudimentary male features such as Cowper's glands and a two-lobed prostate. A group of scientists has suggested that they are true hermaphrodites;^[5] however, others state that they are fully functional females.^[6]

There are 14 species in this genus:

Altai mole, T. altaica
Aquitanian mole, T. aquitania^[7]
Blind mole, T. caeca
Caucasian mole, T. caucasica
Père David's mole, T. davidiana
European mole, T. europaea
T. hakkariensis^[8] Gündüz, Demirtaş, Silsüpür, Özmen, Polly & Bilton, 2023
Levant mole, T. levantis
Martino's mole, T. martinorum
Spanish mole, T. occidentalis
Ognev's mole, T. ognevi
Roman mole, T. romana
Balkan mole, T. stankovici
Talysch mole, T. talyschensis

In addition, several extinct species are known from fossil remains, here the list:

†Talpa tyrrhenica
†Talpa fossilis Petenyi, 1864
†Talpa praeglacialis Kormos, 1930
†Talpa minor Freudenberg, 1914
†Talpa vallesensis Villalta & Crusafont, 1944
†Talpa episcopalis Kormos, 1930
†Talpa gilothi Storch, 1978
†Talpa minuta Blainville, 1840
†Talpa gracilis Kormos, 1930
†Talpa neagui Radulescu & Samson, 1989
†Talpa tenuidentata Ziegler, 1990
†Talpa sansaniensis Lartet, 1851

The current phylogeny of the species in the genus is shown below:

Phylogeny of the Eurasian moles according to Demırtaş et al. 2020 ^[9]

Talpa altaica

	Talpa ognevi

	Talpa caucasica

	Talpa talyschensis

	Talpa davidiana

	Talpa caeca

	Talpa stankovici

Talpa levantis

Talpa romana

Talpa martinorum

	Talpa occidentalis

	Talpa aquitania

Talpa europaea

References

^ Benito, C.S.; Martinez, N.L. (1977). "El yacimiento de Escobosa de Calatanyazor (Soria) y su aportacion a la bioestratigraphia del Neogeno de la meseta castellana". In M.T. Alberdi and E. Aguirre (Eds) Round-table on Mastostratigraphy of the W. Mediterranean Neogene Trabajos Sobre Neogeno-Cuaternario. 7. Madrid: 35–40.
^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1922). "Opinion 75. Twenty-Seven Generic Names of Protozoa, Vermes, Pisces, Reptilia and Mammalia Included in the Official List of Zoological Names". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73 (1): 35–37.
^ Hutterer, R. (2005). "Genus Talpa". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 307–309. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png Table of the Animal Kingdom (Regnum Animale) from Carolus Linnaeus's first edition (1735) of Systema Naturae
^ Sánchez, A; Bullejos, M; Burgos, M; Hera, C; Stamatopoulos, C; Diaz De la Guardia R; Jiménez, R (1998-12-07). "Females of four mole species of genus Talpa (Insectivora, mammalia) are true hermaphrodites with ovotestes". Molecular Reproduction and Development. 44 (3): 289–294. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199607)44:3<289::AID-MRD2>3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 8858598. S2CID 20975321.
^ Beolchini, F; Rebecchi, L; Capanna, E; Bertolani, R (2000-06-01). "Female gonad of moles, genus Talpa (Insectivora, mammalia): ovary or ovotestis?". J Exp Zool. 286 (1): 745–54. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(20000601)286:7<745::AID-JEZ9>3.0.CO;2-F. PMID 10797327.
^ Nicolas, Violaine; Martínez-Vargas, Jessica; Hugot, Jean-Pierre (2017). "Talpa aquitania sp. nov. (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), a new mole species from SW France and N Spain" (PDF). Mammalia. 81 (6): 641–642. doi:10.1515/MAMMALIA-2017-0057. S2CID 90926022.
^ "Two new types of mole unearthed in Turkey". BBC Newsround. 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
^ Sadık Demırtaş, Metin Silsüpür, Jeremy B. Searle, David Bilton und İslam Gündüz: What should we call the Levant mole? Unravelling the systematics and demography of Talpa levantis Thomas, 1906 sensu lato (Mammalia: Talpidae). Mammalian Biology 100, 2020, S. 1–18, doi:10.1007/s42991-020-00010-4

Extant species of Eulipotyphla

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Family: Erinaceidae
subfamily: Erinaceinae

Atelerix	Four-toed hedgehog (A. albiventris) North African hedgehog (A. algirus) Southern African hedgehog (A. frontalis) Somali hedgehog (A. sclateri)
Erinaceus	Amur hedgehog (E. amurensis) Southern white-breasted hedgehog (E. concolor) West European hedgehog (E. europaeus) Northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus)
Hemiechinus	Long-eared hedgehog (H. auritus) Indian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris)
Mesechinus	Daurian hedgehog (M. dauuricus) Hugh's hedgehog (M. hughi) Gaoligong forest hedgehog (M. wangi) Small-toothed forest hedgehog (M. miodon) Eastern forest hedgehog (M. orientalis)
Paraechinus	Desert hedgehog (P. aethiopicus) Brandt's hedgehog (P. hypomelas) Indian hedgehog (P. micropus) Bare-bellied hedgehog (P. nudiventris)

Family: Erinaceidae
subfamily: Galericinae

Echinosorex	Moonrat (E. gymnura)
Hylomys	Dwarf gymnure (H. parvus) Javan short-tailed gymnure (H. suillus) Bornean short-tailed gymnure (H. dorsalis) Max's short-tailed gymnure (H. maxi) Dalat gymnure (H. macarong) Northern short-tailed gymnure (H. peguensis) Leuser gymnure (H. vorax)
Neohylomys	Hainan gymnure (N. hainanensis)
Neotetracus	Shrew gymnure (N. sinensis)
Otohylomys	Long-eared gymnure (O. megalotis)
Podogymnura	Dinagat gymnure (P. aureospinula) Mindanao gymnure (P. truei)

Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Crocidurinae

Crocidura
(White-toothed
shrews)

Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Crocidurinae (continued)

Diplomesodon	Piebald shrew (D. pulchellus)
Feroculus	Kelaart's long-clawed shrew (F. feroculus)
Palawanosorex	Palawan moss shrew (P. muscorum)
Paracrocidura (Large-headed shrews)	Grauer's large-headed shrew (P. graueri) Greater large-headed shrew (P. maxima) Lesser large-headed shrew (P. schoutedeni)
Ruwenzorisorex	Ruwenzori shrew (R. suncoides)
Scutisorex	Hero shrew (S. somereni) Thor's hero shrew (S. thori)
Solisorex	Pearson's long-clawed shrew (S. pearsoni)
Suncus	Taita shrew (S. aequatorius) Black shrew (S. ater) Day's shrew (S. dayi) Etruscan shrew (S. etruscus) Sri Lankan shrew (S. fellowesgordoni) Bornean pygmy shrew (S. hosei) Least dwarf shrew (S. infinitesimus) Greater dwarf shrew (S. lixus) Madagascan pygmy shrew (S. madagascariensis) Malayan pygmy shrew (S. malayanus) Climbing shrew (S. megalura) Flores shrew (S. mertensi) Asian highland shrew (S. montanus) Asian house shrew (S. murinus) Remy's pygmy shrew (S. remyi) Anderson's shrew (S. stoliczkanus) Lesser dwarf shrew (S. varilla) Jungle shrew (S. zeylanicus)
Sylvisorex (Forest shrews)	Dudu Akaibe's pygmy shrew (S. akaibei) Cameroonian forest shrew (S. cameruniensis) Corbet's forest shrew (S. corbeti) Grant's forest shrew (S. granti) Howell's forest shrew (S. howelli) Bioko forest shrew (S. isabellae) Johnston's forest shrew (S. johnstoni) Kongana shrew (S. konganensis) Moon forest shrew (S. lunaris) Mount Cameroon forest shrew (S. morio) Greater forest shrew (S. ollula) Lesser forest shrew (S. oriundus) Rain forest shrew (S. pluvialis) Volcano shrew (S. vulcanorum)

Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Soricinae

Anourosoricini

Anourosorex (Asian mole shrews)	Assam mole shrew (A. assamensis) Giant mole shrew (A. schmidi) Chinese mole shrew (A. squamipes) Taiwanese mole shrew (A. yamashinai)

Blarinellini

Blarinella (some Asiatic short-tailed shrews)	Asiatic short-tailed shrew (B. quadraticauda) Burmese short-tailed shrew (B. wardi)
Parablarinella (some Asiatic short-tailed shrews)	Indochinese short-tailed shrew (P. griselda) Anhui short-tailed shrew (P. latimaxillata)

Blarinini

Blarina
(American short-tailed
shrews)

Cryptotis
(Small-eared
shrews)

C. mexicana group: Mexican small-eared shrew (C. mexicana); Nelson's small-eared shrew (C. nelsoni); Grizzled Mexican small-eared shrew (C. obscura); Phillips' small-eared shrew (C. phillipsii)

C. goldmani set: Central Mexican broad-clawed shrew (C. alticola); Goldman's broad-clawed shrew (C. goldmani); Goodwin's broad-clawed shrew (C. goodwini); Guatemalan broad-clawed shrew (C. griseoventris); C. lacertosus; C. mam; Oaxacan broad-clawed shrew (C. peregrina)

C. nigrescens group: Eastern Cordillera small-footed shrew (C. brachyonyx); Colombian small-eared shrew (C. colombiana); Honduran small-eared shrew (C. hondurensis); Yucatan small-eared shrew (C. mayensis); Darién small-eared shrew (C. mera); Merriam's small-eared shrew (C. merriami); Blackish small-eared shrew (C. nigrescens)

C. thomasi group: Southern Colombian small-eared shrew (C. andinus); Ecuadorian small-eared shrew (C. equatoris); Rainer's small-eared shrew (C. huttereri); Medellín small-eared shrew (C. medellinia); Merida small-eared shrew (C. meridensis); Wandering small-eared shrew (C. montivaga); Peruvian small-eared shrew (C. peruviensis); Scaly-footed small-eared shrew (C. squaipes); Tamá small-eared shrew (C. tamensis); Thomas's small-eared shrew (C. thomasi)

C. parva group: Central American least shrew (C. orophila); North American least shrew (C. parva); Tropical small-eared shrew (C. tropicalis)

Ungrouped / relict: Enders's small-eared shrew (C. endersi); Talamancan small-eared shrew (C. gracilis); Big Mexican small-eared shrew (C. magna)

Nectogalini

Chimarrogale (Asiatic water shrews)	Malayan water shrew (C. hantu) Himalayan water shrew (C. himalayica) Bornean water shrew (C. phaeura) Japanese water shrew (C. platycephalus) Chinese water shrew (C. styani) Sumatran water shrew (C. sumatrana)
Chodsigoa	Van Sung's shrew (C. caovansunga) De Winton's shrew (C. hypsibia) Lamulate shrew (C. lamula) Lowe's shrew (C. parca) Pygmy brown-toothed shrew (C. parva) Salenski's shrew (C. salenskii) Smith's shrew (C. smithii) Lesser Taiwanese shrew (C. sodalis)
Episoriculus	Hodgsons's brown-toothed shrew (E. caudatus) Taiwanese brown-toothed shrew (E. fumidus) Long-tailed brown-toothed shrew (E. leucops) Long-tailed mountain shrew (E. macrurus)
Nectogale	Elegant water shrew (N. elegans)
Neomys	Mediterranean water shrew (N. anomalus) Eurasian water shrew (N. fodiens) Transcaucasian water shrew (N. teres)
Soriculus	Himalayan shrew (S. nigrescens)

Notiosoricini

Megasorex	Mexican shrew (M. gigas)
Notiosorex	Cockrum's gray shrew (N. cockrumi) Crawford's gray shrew (N. crawfordi) Large-eared gray shrew (N. evotis) Villa's gray shrew (N. villai)

Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Soricinae (tribe: Soricini)

Sorex
(Long-tailed
shrews)

Subgenus Otisorex	Long-tailed shrew (S. dispar) Smoky shrew (S. fumeus) American pygmy shrew (S. hoyi) Large-toothed shrew (S. macrodon) Carmen mountain shrew (S. milleri) Dwarf shrew (S. nanus) Mexican long-tailed shrew (S. oreopolus) Orizaba long-tailed shrew (S. orizabae) Ornate shrew (S. ornatus) Inyo shrew (S. tenellus) Verapaz shrew (S. veraepacis) S. vagrans complex Glacier Bay water shrew (S. alaskanus) Baird's shrew (S. bairdii) Marsh shrew (S. bendirii) Montane shrew (S. monticolus) New Mexico shrew (S. neomexicanus) Pacific shrew (S. pacificus) American water shrew (S. palustris) Fog shrew (S. sonomae) Vagrant shrew (S. vagrans) S. cinereus group Kamchatka shrew (S. camtschatica) Cinereus shrew (S. cinereus) Prairie shrew (S. haydeni) Saint Lawrence Island shrew (S. jacksoni) Paramushir shrew (S. leucogaster) Southeastern shrew (S. longirostris) Mount Lyell shrew (S. lyelli) Portenko's shrew (S. portenkoi) Preble's shrew (S. preblei) Pribilof Island shrew (S. pribilofensis) Olympic shrew (S. rohweri) Barren ground shrew (S. ugyunak)
Subgenus Sorex	Dneper common shrew (S. averini) Lesser striped shrew (S. bedfordiae) Greater stripe-backed shrew (S. cylindricauda) Chinese highland shrew (S. excelsus) Azumi shrew (S. hosonoi) Chinese shrew (S. sinalis) Alaska tiny shrew (S. yukonicus) S. alpinus group Alpine shrew (S. alpinus) Ussuri shrew (S. mirabilis) S. araneus group Valais shrew (S. antinorii) Common shrew (S. araneus) Udine shrew (S. arunchi) Crowned shrew (S. coronatus) Siberian large-toothed shrew (S. daphaenodon) Iberian shrew (S. granarius) Caucasian shrew (S. satunini) S. arcticus group Arctic shrew (S. arcticus) Maritime shrew (S. maritimensis) S. tundrensis group Tien Shan shrew (S. asper) Gansu shrew (S. cansulus) Tundra shrew (S. tundrensis) S. minutus group Buchara shrew (S. buchariensis) Kozlov's shrew (S. kozlovi) Caucasian pygmy shrew (S. volnuchini) S. caecutiens group Laxmann's shrew (S. caecutiens) Taiga shrew (S. isodon) Eurasian least shrew (S. minutissimus) Eurasian pygmy shrew (S. minutus) Flat-skulled shrew (S. roboratus) Shinto shrew (S. shinto) Long-clawed shrew (S. unguiculatus) S. gracillimus group Slender shrew (S. gracillimus) S. raddei group Radde's shrew (S. raddei) S. samniticus group Apennine shrew (S. samniticus)
incertae sedis	Arizona shrew (S. arizonae) Zacatecas shrew (S. emarginatus) Merriam's shrew (S. merriami) Kashmir pygmy shrew (S. planiceps) Saussure's shrew (S. saussurei) Sclater's shrew (S. sclateri) San Cristobal shrew (S. stizodon) Tibetan shrew (S. thibetanus) Trowbridge's shrew (S. trowbridgii) Chestnut-bellied shrew (S. ventralis) Veracruz shrew (S. veraecrucis)

Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Myosoricinae

Congosorex (Congo shrews)	Phillips's shrew (C. phillipsorum) Greater Congo shrew (C. polli) Lesser Congo shrew (C. verheyeni)
Myosorex (Mouse shrews)	Babault's mouse shrew (M. babaulti) Montane mouse shrew (M. blarina) Bururi forest shrew (M. bururiensis) Dark-footed mouse shrew (M. cafer) Eisentraut's mouse shrew (M. eisentrauti) Geata mouse shrew (M. geata) Nyika mouse shrew (M. gnoskei) Kihaule's mouse shrew (M. kihaulei) Long-tailed forest shrew (M. longicaudatus) Oku mouse shrew (M. okuensis) Rumpi mouse shrew (M. rumpii) Schaller's mouse shrew (M. schalleri) Sclater's mouse shrew (M. sclateri) Thin mouse shrew (M. tenuis) Forest shrew (M. varius) Kilimanjaro mouse shrew (M. zinki)
Surdisorex (African mole shrews)	Aberdare mole shrew (S. norae) Mount Kenya mole shrew (S. polulus)

Family: Talpidae

Scalopinae
(New World moles
and relatives)

Condylura	Star-nosed mole (C. cristata)
Parascalops	Hairy-tailed mole (P. breweri)
Scalopus	Eastern mole (S. aquaticus)
Scapanulus	Gansu mole (S. oweni)
Scapanus (Western North American moles)	Broad-footed mole (S. latimanus) Coast mole (S. orarius) Townsend's mole (S. townsendii)

Talpinae
(Old World moles
and relatives)

Desmana	Russian desman (D. moschata)
Dymecodon	True's shrew mole (D. pilirostris)
Euroscaptor	Greater Chinese mole (E. grandis) Kloss's mole (E. klossi) Long-nosed mole (E. longirostris) Himalayan mole (E. micrura) Small-toothed mole (E. parvidens) Vietnamese mole (E. subanura)
Galemys	Pyrenean desman (G. pyrenaicus)
Mogera	Echigo mole (M. etigo) Insular mole (M. insularis) Kano mole (M. kanoana) Kobe mole (M. kobeae) Small Japanese mole (M. imaizumii) Large mole (M. robusta) Sado mole (M. tokudae) Japanese mole (M. wogura) Senkaku mole (M. uchidai)
Neurotrichus	American shrew mole (N. gibbsii)
Oreoscaptor	Japanese mountain mole (O. mizura)
Parascaptor	White-tailed mole (P. leucura)
Scaptochirus	Short-faced mole (S. moschatus)
Scaptonyx	Long-tailed mole (S. fusicaudus)
Talpa	Altai mole (T. altaica) Aquitanian mole (T. aquitania) Blind mole (T. caeca) Caucasian mole (T. caucasica) European mole (T. europaea) Père David's mole (T. davidiana) Levant mole (T. levantis) Martino's mole (T. martinorum) Spanish mole (T. occidentalis) Ognev's mole (T. ognevi) Roman mole (T. romana) Balkan mole (T. stankovici) Talysch mole (T. talyschensis)
Urotrichus	Japanese shrew mole (U. talpoides)

Uropsilinae
(Chinese shrew-like
moles)

Uropsilus	Equivalent-teeth shrew mole (U. aequodonenia) Anderson's shrew mole (U. andersoni) Black-backed shrew mole (U. atronates) Dabie Mountains shrew mole (U. dabieshanensis) Gracile shrew mole (U. gracilis) Inquisitive shrew mole (U. investigator) Snow Mountain shrew mole (U. nivatus) Chinese shrew mole (U. soricipes)

Family: Solenodontidae

Atopogale	Cuban solenodon (A. cubana)
Solenodon	Hispaniolan solenodon (S. paradoxus)

External links

Media related to Talpa at Wikimedia Commons

Taxon identifiers

Talpa

Wikidata: Q650143
Wikispecies: Talpa
ADW: Talpa
BOLD: 3054
CoL: 7S8Q
EoL: 14481
EPPO: 1TALPG
Fauna Europaea: 305514
Fauna Europaea (new): 6ee92163-7653-4ee1-ae0b-6c3c73085a3e
GBIF: 2436127
iNaturalist: 46942
IRMNG: 1293482
ITIS: 633478
MSW: 13700719
NBN: NBNSYS0000138222
NCBI: 9374
Open Tree of Life: 222367
Paleobiology Database: 40429
Plazi: AE8DE7B1-8AF0-E669-BC87-14610B3254D7
ZooBank: 9DE71515-3A70-4DBF-A4F5-29DE4773DE28

This Talpidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories:

Hidden categories: