Theodoxus valentinus

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Theodoxus valentinus
Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Neritimorpha
Order:	Cycloneritida
Family:	Neritidae
Genus:	Theodoxus
Species:	T. valentinus
Binomial name
*Theodoxus valentinus* (Graells, 1846)

Theodoxus valentinus is a species of freshwater gastropod in the nerite family, native to natural freshwater channels in Valencia, Spain. This species was believed extinct, but has recently been rediscovered to persist in small populations in three different sites.^[1]

Description

T. valentinus has a globose shell with four whorls, the last of which occupies much of the shell, and well-developed columnar callosity. The deep groove of the largest whorl and the wavy form of its aperture distinguish it from other Spanish Theodoxus. The shell is highly variable in color, though mostly ranging from deep purple to bright red, with striped and solidly-decorated forms.^[2]^[3]

Ecology and threats

T. valentinus requires highly oxygenated water with a high calcium content of a temperature ranging between 16 and 18 °C; this specialization makes this species highly susceptible to water pollution and changes in environmental conditions such as drought and water extraction. Its susceptibility to habitat loss has paired with damage from invasive species. The species was highly abundant in the original sites until the 1980s, when the species faced significant declines which have not slowed. The species is now only known from three sites along a 10 x 2 km stretch of the Rio Verdu, extirpated from its original Los Santos River habitat. This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.

T. valentinus lays many oval-shaped eggs 0.8–1 mm in diameter on hard substrates (those on which it feeds) of which only one hatches. Reproduction occurs throughout the year. T. valentinus is predated actively upon by ostracods. Longevity among T. valentinus ranges from 17.8 to 22 months.^[2]^[3]

References

^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
^ ^a ^b Bondarev, I. P. (2016). "Theodoxus fluviatilis (Gastropoda, Neritidae) as an environmental marker". Marine Biological Journal. 1 (2): 18–26. doi:10.21072/mbj.2016.01.2.02. ISSN 2499-9768.
^ ^a ^b ALBERTO MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, FERNANDO ROBLES, BENJAMÍN GÓMEZ, PAUL BUNJE Y ANA Mª PUJANTE. Theodoxus valentinus.

Taxon identifiers
Theodoxus valentinus	Wikidata: Q14752158 BOLD: 82611 CoL: 7BVNP EoL: 4881866 EUNIS: 284600 Fauna Europaea: 429907 Fauna Europaea (new): ecc23f3a-b49e-4460-bfa1-8ba5aeecfd45 GBIF: 4561962 iNaturalist: 151237 IUCN: 165357 NCBI: 313653 Open Tree of Life: 362696 WoRMS: 1001474

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