| Tipulidae Temporal range:
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_Tipula_paludosa_on_Iris_leave.jpg)
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| Tipula paludosa | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Infraorder: | Tipulomorpha |
| Superfamily: | Tipuloidea |
| Family: | Tipulidae Latreille, 1802 |
| Subfamilies | |
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Tipulidae is a family of large crane flies in the order Diptera. There are more than 30 genera and 4,200 described species in Tipulidae, common and widespread throughout the world.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
A crane fly can be identified as a member of Tipulidae by its maxillary palps, which is the pair of appendages that hang down from the front of its head. If the fourth segment (the furthest from the body) of the maxillary palp is longer than the other three combined, then it is likely to be a member of Tipulidae. There are also usually 13 segments in the antennae of large crane flies, compared to 14 or 16 in the common limoniid crane flies.[3]
The oldest fossils that can be assigned confidently to Tipulidae sensu stricto are those of the genus Tipunia, which date to the Late Jurassic.[8][9]
Genera
These 39 genera belong to the family Tipulidae:
- Acracantha Skuse, 1890
- Angarotipula Savchenko, 1961
- Austrotipula Alexander, 1920
- Brachypremna Osten Sacken, 1886
- Brithura Edwards, 1916
- Clytocosmus Skuse, 1890
- Ctenophora Meigen, 1803
- Dictenidia Brullé 1833
- Dolichopeza Curtis, 1825
- Elnoretta Alexander, 1929
- Euvaldiviana Alexander, 1981
- Goniotipula Alexander, 1921
- Holorusia Loew
- Hovapeza Alexander, 1951
- Hovatipula Alexander, 1955
- Idiotipula Alexander, 1921
- Indotipula Edwards, 1931
- Ischnotoma Skuse, 1890
- Keiseromyia Alexander, 1963
- Leptotarsus Guerin-meneville, 1838
- Macgregoromyia Alexander, 1929
- Maekistocera Wiedemann, 1821
- Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803 (tiger crane flies)
- Nigrotipula Hudson & Vane-Wright, 1969
- Orithea Meigen, 1800
- Ozodicera Macquart, 1834
- Phoroctenia Coquillett, 1910
- Platyphasia Skuse, 1890
- Prionocera Loew, 1844
- Prionota van der Wulp, 1885
- Pselliophora Osten-Sacken, 1887
- Ptilogyna Westwood, 1835
- Scamboneura Osten Sacken, 1882
- Sphaerionotus de Meijere, 1919
- Tanyptera Latreille, 1804
- Tipula Linnaeus, 1758
- Tipulodina Enderlein, 1912
- Valdiviana Alexander, 1929
- Zelandotipula Alexander, 1922
Ecology
Most crane fly larvae are saprophagous, feeding on microbe-rich organic matter, typically decaying plant material in moist environments. However, some species are predacious, fungivorous, or phytophagous. Certain groups have adapted to extreme habitats, including caves, marine intertidal zones, and deserts, although the majority inhabit humid forests and wetlands.[10]
References
- ^ "Tipulidae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "Tipulidae Latreille, 1802". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ a b "Tipulidae family Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ Kolcsár, L-P; Oosterbroek, P; Gavryushin, DI; Olsen, KM; et al. (2021). "Contribution to the knowledge of Limoniidae (Diptera: Tipuloidea): first records of 244 species from various European countries". Biodiversity Data Journal. 9 e67085. doi:10.3897/BDJ.9.e67085. PMC 9848614. PMID 36761998.
- ^ Oosterbroek, Pjotr (2023). "Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World". Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
- ^ Zhang, Bing; Gao, Shang; Cao, Yike; Chang, Wencheng; et al. (2019). "The mitochondrial genome of Tipula (Formotipula) melanomera gracilispina (Diptera: Tipulidae)". Mitochondrial DNA Part B, Resources. 4: 240–241. doi:10.1080/23802359.2018.1546136.
- ^ Pape, Thomas; Blagoderov, Vladimir; Mostovski, Mikhail B. (2011). Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (ed.). "Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.42. ISBN 978-1-86977-849-1. ISSN 1175-5326.
- ^ Lukashevich, Elena D.; Ribeiro, Guilherme C. (2019-04-18). "Mesozoic fossils and the phylogeny of Tipulomorpha (Insecta: Diptera)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (8): 635–652. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1448899. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 89966924.
- ^ Kopeć, Katarzyna; Soszyńska, Agnieszka; Coram, Robert A.; Krzemiński, Wiesław (July 2023). "New species of the enigmatic genus Tipunia (Diptera, Tipulidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan and Lower Cretaceous of England". Cretaceous Research. 147 105512. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105512. S2CID 257262387.
- ^ Marshall, Stephen A. (2012). *Flies: The Natural History and Diversity of Diptera*. Firefly Books. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-77085-100-9.
External links
Media related to Tipulidae at Wikimedia Commons
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