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Titanophora - Wikipedia

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Titanophora
Scientific classification
Clade:	Archaeplastida
Division:	Rhodophyta
Class:	Florideophyceae
Order:	Nemastomatales
Family:	Schizymeniaceae
Genus:	Titanophora (J. Agardh) J. Fledmann

Titanophora is a genus of seaweeds belonging to family Schizymeniaceae of the order Nemastomatales.

Taxonomy and nomenclature

It composes of eight taxonomically accepted species based from available data and literature.^[1]^[2]

Species

Titanophora calcarea (Okamura) Børgesen, 1949
Titanophora incrustans (J.Agardh) Børgesen, 1949
Titanophora marianensis Itono & Tsuda, 1980
Titanophora mauritiana Børgesen, 1949
Titanophora palmata Itono, 1972
Titanophora pikeana (Dickie) Feldmann, 1942
Titanophora submarina K.E.Bucher & J.N.Norris, 1992
Titanophora weberae Børgesen, 1943

Description

The thalli are slimy and formed by calcium carbonate specifically at the medulla. They exhibit colorations ranging from pinkish to red and commonly seen attached to solid substrate (rocky surface) by small disc-like holdfast. The blade can be palmate and flabellate, with the main axis provided with simple mottling or branched outgrowths on the surface. Branching is irregular, and ultimate branchlets exhibits flat, fine, papillose to spinose morphologies.

Under a microscope, the cross-section of the blade shows four to five layers of pigmented cells located at the cortex: the outermost cells are elongate, while the innermost are roundish in shape. The cortex also possess gland cells. The medulla is composed of cylindrical unpigmented filaments.^[3]^[4]

Reproduction

Presence of cystocarps which displays a carpogonial branch system, were mainly found at the uncalcified region of the cortex.^[5]

Distribution and ecology

The genus Titanophora are distributed throughout the tropical to subtropical regions. They are usually found inhabiting rocky intertidal areas that are exposed to strong water movements near the reef margin or channels to subtidal areas as deep as 12 m (39 ft).^[6]^[7]^[3]

Life history

The life history of the genus Titanophora is currently unknown. However, it may share similar reproductive patterns with other members of the family Schizymeniaceae which is characterized by a combination of vegetative and reproductive features: filaments connecting and arising directly from carpogonia; medulla producing X-shaped cells; gland cell started to disappear; supporting and auxiliary cells forming in an intercalary position on cortical fascicles; carpogonial branches producing sterile or fertile lateral branchlets; connecting filament branches fuse with an auxiliary cell; special nutritive cells are absent. Furthermore, the genus may also share similar reproductive patters with other members of Rhodophyta, such as the presence of filamentous tetrasporophyte.^[8]

Economic use/natural products

The natural products that can be found in Titanophora, particularly in T. weberae are the following"

Application of these natural products can be in the medicinal field, particularly for the reduction of blood cholesterol levels.^[3]

References

^ "WoRMS taxon details - Titanophora (J.Agardh) Feldmann, 1942". World Register of Marine Species.
^ Wai, MK, Nyunt, T, Kyaw, SPP, Soe-Htun, U (2009). "A New Record of the Genus Titanophora (Schizymeniaceae, Nemastomatales) from Myanmar". Journal of the Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science. 7 (5).
^ ^a ^b ^c Trono Jr., Gavino C. (1997). Field Guide & Atlas of the Seaweed Resources of the Philippines. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark. p. 204. ISBN 971-569-252-4.
^ Wai, MK, Nyunt, T, Kyaw, SPP, Soe-Htun, U (2009). "A New Record of the Genus Titanophora (Schizymeniaceae, Nemastomatales) from Myanmar". Journal of the Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science. 7 (5): 253–261.
^ Norris, R.E. (2007). "Six marine macroalgal genera new to South Africa". South African Journal of Botany. 58 (1): 2–12. doi:10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30889-4.
^ Eisenman, NJ, Blair, SM (1982). "New records and range extensions of deep-water algae from East Flower Garden Bank, northwestern Gulf of Mexico". Contributions in Marine Science. 25: 21–26.
^ Butcher, KE, Norris, JN (1992). "A new deep-water red alga, Titanophora submarina sp. nov. (Gymnophloeaceae, Gigartinales), from the Caribbean Sea". Phycologia. 31 (2): 180–191. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-31-2-180.1.
^ Masuda, M, Guiry, MD (2007). "Reproductive morphology of Itonoa marginifera (J. Agardh) gen. et comb. nov. (Nemastomataceae, Rhodophyta)". European Journal of Phycology. 30: 57–67. doi:10.1080/09670269500650801.

Taxon identifiers
Titanophora	Wikidata: Q51523499 Wikispecies: Titanophora AlgaeBase: 35091 BOLD: 263773 EoL: 90518 FloraBase: 26416 GBIF: 2665936 iNaturalist: 1215648 IRMNG: 1003039 ITIS: 183152 NCBI: 38532 Open Tree of Life: 625534 WoRMS: 204896

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