Undecimber or Undecember is a name for a thirteenth month in a calendar that normally has twelve months.
Etymology
The word undecimber is based on the Latin word undecim meaning "eleven". It is formed in analogy with December, which, though the twelfth month in the Gregorian calendar, derives from decem meaning "ten". The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines it as "a humorous name given to the month following December".[1]
Roman use
Some modern authors, including the World Calendar Association[2] and Isaac Asimov[3] have reported the names "Undecember" and "Duodecember" for the two intercalary months inserted between November and December upon the adoption of the Julian calendar in 44 BC. This claim has no contemporary evidence;[citation needed] Cicero refers to the months as "intercalates prior and intercalates posterior" in his letters.[4]
Historian Cassius Dio tells that Licinus, procurator of Gaul, added two months to the year 15 BC, because taxes were paid by the month.[5] Dio, who wrote in Greek, says Licinus "called [the added months] the eleventh and the twelfth"; August Immanuel Bekker suggested the Latin names might have been "Undecember" and "Duodecember".[5] The abbreviation Unde appears in a Roman inscription from Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul, dating between the first century BC and the first century AD.[6][1]
Computing
In the Java Platform, Standard Edition, the java.util.Calendar class includes support for calendars which permit thirteen months.[7] Although the Gregorian calendar used in most parts of the world includes only twelve months, there exist some lunar calendars that are divided into synodic months, with an intercalary or "leap" month added in some years. For example, in the Hebrew calendar seven years out of every nineteen (37%) have the "embolismic month" Adar I.[7][8] The constant java.util.Calendar.UNDECIMBER represents such a month.[9]
Accounting
In accounting, a thirteenth month is sometimes used to adjust financial statements for an entire year without affecting monthly results. For example, an organization may wish to adjust its books to reflect the fact that some of its sales and resulting payments due from customers will not be paid. If an organization only does this once per year the organization can attribute these adjustments to "Month 13" so as not to inaccurately post a full year's worth of write offs to one month.[10]
See also
References
- ^ a b Glare, P.G. (2002). Oxford Latin Dictionary. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-864224-5.
- ^ Jézéquel, Jules (1937). "Why the World Needs This Reform". Journal of Calendar Reform. 7. New York City: World Calendar Association: 64.
- ^ Asimov, Isaac; John Bradford (1965). The clock we live on (revised ed.). Abelard-Schuman. p. 125. ISBN 0-200-71100-8.
- ^ Heiland, W.E. (1909). "Chap LVIII: From the Battle of Thapsus to the Death of Caesar: 46–44 B.C.". The Roman Republic. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 347 §1269.
- ^ a b Cassius Dio (1917). "Book LIV". Roman History, vol VI. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 83. Translated by Earnest Cary. Harvard University Press. p. 335, LIV 21.5 and note 2.
- ^ AE 1989, 331, dating an event to the eleventh day before the Kalends of Undecember. In the Julian Calendar this corresponds to December 22; in the pre-Julian calendar, with twenty-nine days in December, it would have been December 20.
- ^ a b Janert, Philipp K. (2007-06-04). "Making Sense of Java's Dates". On Java. O'Reilly Media. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
- ^ "In a leap year, is the extra month Adar I or Adar II?". Mi Yodeya StackExchange.
- ^ "java.util Class Calendar: UNDECIMBER". Java Platform, Standard Edition 6: API Specification. Sun Microsystems. 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
- ^ L. Evans, Denise L.; Evans, William (2023). The Complete Real Estate Encyclopedia. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Retrieved 7 Aug 2023.
