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This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2025)

VPNFilter is malware designed to infect routers and certain network attached storage devices. It is estimated to have infected approximately 500,000 routers worldwide at its peak, though the number of at-risk devices is larger.^[1] It can steal data, contains a "kill switch" designed to disable the infected router on command, and is able to persist should the user reboot the router.^[2] The FBI believes that it was created by the Russian Fancy Bear group.^[3][4] In February 2022, the CISA announced that a new malware called Cyclops Blink produced by Sandworm had replaced VPNFilter.^[5]

VPNFilter is malware that infects a number of different kinds of network routers and storage devices. It seems to be designed in part to target serial networking devices using the Modbus protocol to talk to and control industrial hardware, as in factories and warehouses. The malware has special, dedicated code to target control systems using SCADA.^[6]

The initial infection vector is still unknown. The Cisco Talos security group hypothesizes the malware exploits known router security vulnerabilities to infect devices.^[7]

This software installs itself in multiple stages:

1. Stage 1 involves a worm which adds code to the device's crontab (the list of tasks run at regular intervals by the cron scheduler on Linux). This allows it to remain on the device after a reboot, and to re-infect it with the subsequent stages if they are removed. Stage 1 uses known URLs to find and install Stage 2 malware. If those known URLs are disabled, Stage 1 sets up a socket listener on the device and waits to be contacted by command and control systems.^[8]
2. Stage 2 is the body of the malware, including the basic code that carries out all normal functions and executes any instructions requested by special, optional Stage 3 modules.
3. Stage 3 can be any of various "modules" that tell the malware to do specific things, like sniffing network data, gathering credentials, serving as a relay point to hide the origin of subsequent attacks, or collecting data on industrial control devices (Modbus SCADA). Any exfiltrated data can then be encrypted via the Tor network.^[6]

Both Cisco and Symantec suggest that people who own affected devices do a factory reset. That is typically accomplished by using a small, pointed object, such as a straightened out paperclip, to push the small reset button on the back on the unit for 10 to 30 seconds (time varies by model). This will remove the malware, but also restores the router to all original settings. If the router has remote management enabled, a factory reset will often disable this (the default setting of many routers). Remote management is thought to be one possible vector for the initial attack.

Before connecting the factory-reset router to the internet again, the device's default passwords should be changed to prevent reinfection.^[9]

The initial worm that installs VPNFilter can only attack devices running embedded firmware based on Busybox on Linux compiled only for specific processors. This does not include non-embedded Linux devices such as workstations and servers.^[10]

Manufacturer-provided firmware on the following router models is known to be at risk:^[11][8]

Asus

RT-AX92U

RT-AC66U

RT-N10

RT-N10E

RT-N10U

RT-N56U

RT-N66U

D-Link

DES-1210-08P

DIR-300

DIR-300A

DSR-250N

DSR-500N

DSR-1000

DSR-1000N

Huawei

HG8245

Linksys

E1200

E2500

E3000

E3200

E4200

RV082

WRVS4400N

Mikrotik

CCR1009

CCR1016

CCR1036

CCR1072

CRS109

CRS112

CRS125

RB411

RB450

RB750

RB911

RB921

RB941

RB951

RB952

RB960

RB962

RB1100

RB1200

RB2011

RB3011

RB Groove

RB Omnitik

STX5

Mikrotik RouterOS versions up to 6.38.5 on current or 6.37.5 on bugfix release chains^[12]

Netgear

DG834

DGN1000

DGN2200

DGN3500

FVS318N

MBRN3000

R6400

R7000

R8000

WNR1000

WNR2000

WNR2200

WNR4000

WNDR3700

WNDR4000

WNDR4300

WNDR4300-TN

UTM50

QNAP

TS251

TS439 Pro

Other QNAP NAS devices running QTS software

TP-Link

R600VPN

TL-WR741ND

TL-WR841N

Ubiquiti

NSM2

PBE M5

Upvel

Unknown Models^{[nb 1]}

ZTE

ZXHN H108N

VPNFilter is described by Cisco Talos as having infected as many as 500,000 devices worldwide,^[10] in perhaps 54 different countries, though proportionately the focus has been on Ukraine.

The FBI has taken a high-profile role in addressing this malware, conducting an investigation that resulted in the seizure of the domain name toknowall.com as ostensibly having been used to redirect queries from stage 1 of the malware, allowing it to locate and install copies of stages 2 and 3.^[4] The US Justice Department also compelled the site Photobucket to disable known URLs used to distribute malware Stage 2.^[7][13]

On 25 May 2018, the FBI recommended that users reboot their at-risk devices.^[14] This would temporarily remove the stages 2 and 3 of the malware. Stage 1 would remain, leading the router to try re-downloading the payload and infecting the router again. However, prior to the recommendation the US Justice Department seized web endpoints the malware uses for Stage 2 installation.

Without these URLs, the malware must rely on the fallback socket listener for Stage 2 installation. This method requires threat actor command and control systems to contact each system to install Stage 2, increasing the threat actor's risk of being identified.^[7] The FBI further recommended users disable remote management on their devices and update the firmware. A firmware update removes all stages of the malware, though it is possible the device could be reinfected.^[14]

The FBI said that this would help them to find the servers distributing the payload.^[15][16][3]