The Vergulde Draeck (pronounced [vɛrˈɣʏldə ˈdraːk]), also spelled Vergulde Draak and Vergulde Draek (meaning Gilt Dragon), was a 41.8-metre (137 ft), 260-tonne (290-ton) ship constructed in 1653 by the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, commonly abbreviated to VOC).^[1][2] The ship was lost off the coast of western Australia in 1656, with a minority of its crew reaching shore, and only seven subsequently reaching civilization.

Vergulde Draeck was a ship purchased by the Amsterdam Chamber of the Dutch East India Company in 1653. On 4 October 1655 she departed Texel under the command of Pieter Albertszoon to sail for Batavia. The ship stopped at the Cape of Good Hope on 9 March 1656, having lost two crewmembers on the journey out. Vergulde Draeck left port four days later to continue on to Batavia.^[3]

On the night of the 28 April 1656, Vergulde Draeck struck a submerged coral reef midway between what are now the coastal towns of Seabird and Ledge Point, Western Australia. On board were 193 crew, eight boxes of silver coins worth 78,600 guilders and trade goods to the value of 106,400 guilders.^[4][5][6]

Of the 193 crew, 118 are believed to have perished. The initial 75 survivors, including the ship's captain Pieter Albertszoon, and the under steersman, made it to shore. They had with them the ship's boat, a schuyt, along with a small amount of provisions and stores washed on shore.^[4][5]

On 7 May 1656, approximately nine days after the loss of the Vergulde Draeck, the under steersman and six crew members were dispatched to Batavia to summon help. They carried with them letters written by the crew which described the loss of the schuyt^{[clarification needed]}, the crew's decision to await rescue from Batavia, and their steadfast faith in the Lord God.^{[citation needed]}

After a journey of some 1,400 nautical miles (2,600 km; 1,600 mi), lasting 41 days, with little water, little food and suffering from exposure, the under steersman and six crew arrived at Batavia. The alarm was raised and the search for the survivors of the Vergulde Draeck and cargo began.^[7][6]

Dutch East India Company mounted a number of rescue attempts once the loss was reported.^[7]

On 7 June 1656, two rescue vessels, the Goede Hoop and the Witte Valck, were dispatched from Batavia. Large storms off the Western Australian coast meant that both ships were unsuccessful.

The Witte Valck failed to land men on the coast.

On 18 July 1656, the Goede Hoop managed to disembark men upon the shoreline; however, they lost three men along the coast who had wandered into the bush, before losing another eight men who went in search of them.

No sign of the survivors or wreckage was found.

On 23 April 1657, the Vinck in the process of setting sail from the Cape of Good Hope was instructed to search for the survivors on its passage to Batavia.

No sign of the survivors or wreckage was found.

On 1 January 1658, the Waeckende Boey and the Emeloordt were dispatched from Batavia. This time the rescue attempt was made in the more favourable summer months.

On 23 February 1658, Captain Volkersen of the Waeckende Boey sighted the Western Australian coastline, perhaps being the first European to sight what is today Rottnest Island, though it is possible Houtman may have sighted it in 1619.

On 26 February 1658, a shore party from the Waeckende Boey returning from the coast recorded the discovery of wreckage believed to be of the Vergulde Draeck. Most notable was a plank circle, a collection of some 12 to 13 planks placed in a circular fashion, dug into the beach sand with their ends facing skyward.

During the various searches, a small shore party from the Waeckende Boey led by Abraham Leeman became separated. Bad weather prevented Leeman from returning to the Waeckende Boey and after four days Leeman and his party were assumed lost. The modern town of Leeman, Western Australia is named after this Dutch explorer. Leeman eventually made it back to Batavia, his diary in the National Maritime Museum in Amsterdam recounts his experience.^[1]

On 9 March 1658, Captain Jonck of the Emeloordt managed to send a small party to land. Upon returning, the shore party reported having seen three Aboriginal natives of tall stature who attempted to communicate with them using basic hand signals. This story of 'first contact' was a peaceful exchange, likely with the Yuet people of Western Australia.

A further rescue attempt was made in 1659 by the vessel Emmenhorn but no sign of survivors or wreckage was found.

The wreck of the Vergulde Draeck was eventually discovered on 14 April 1963 south of Ledge Point, about 100 km north of Perth.^[8]

The identity of the official discoverers of the Vergulde Draeck has been a contentious issue over many years, though it is generally accepted that the wreck was found by John Cowen; Jim, Alan and Graeme Henderson; and Alan Robinson. An alternative claim^[which?] was made by Robinson in his In Australia Treasure is not for the Finder.^[9]

Artifacts from the wreckage were salvaged in 1963 and are kept in the Fremantle Maritime Museum in Australia. They include lead, ivory, amber, coral and 10,000 coins.^[1]

The wreck was put under control of archaeologists in 1972. Despite the loss of archaeological integrity caused by those salvaging artefacts for financial gain, useful information was gained to add to the small number of recorded excavations of VOC ships.^[a] The sternpost was covered with protective layers of lead sheeting covered by copper sheeting. Some of the copper had been recovered by treasure hunters before 1972, making interpretation of this aspect difficult. The hull construction method was the "bottom first" tradition, which was used in Dutch shipyards after frame-first carvel construction had become common elsewhere in northern Europe.^[b] Below the waterline, the hull was sheathed with a layer of pine planking, applied over a layer of goat hair mixed with tar – this would slow the effect of teredo worm. Study of the small amount of timber excavated from the wreck shows the regular saw marks of windmill-powered sawmills. This technology was a Dutch innovation which greatly reduced the cost of construction of ships and helped make them the leading shipbuilders in northern Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.^{[10]: 36, 297–329}

In March 2015, Steve Caffery, of Gilt Dragon Research Group, claimed to have discovered copies of two letters carried by the seven survivors to Batavia in 1656. The letters, dated 5 and 7 May 1656, were said to indicate there were two separate camp sites.^[11]

• Robinson, A. (1980). In Australia Treasure is not for the Finder. Perth. Vanguard Service Print. ISBN 0-9594957-0-3
• Gerritsen, R. (1994). And Their Ghosts May Be Heard. Perth. Lamb Print. ISBN 1-86368-063-2
• Van Zanden, H. (2012). The Lost White Tribes of Australia 1656 Part One: The First Settlement of Australia. Australia. The Publishing Queen. ISBN 978-1-921673-67-2
• Major, H. R. (1859). Early Voyages to Terra Australis, Now Called Australia. London: Hakluyt Society.
• Henderson, James A. (1982). Marooned: the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck and the Abandonment and Escape from the Southland of Abraham Leeman in 1658. Perth, WA: St. George Books. ISBN 0-86778-018-5.
• "Shared Underwater Cultural Heritage – Call for Proposals 2020". Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
• Harradine, Natasha (16 June 2020). "Fresh water find adds intrigue to fate of Gilt Dragon shipwreck survivors". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 26 December 2020. Dr Van Duivenvoorde said the survivors may have been able to collect rainwater or dig wells to reach brackish water, but her team had also discovered fresh water aquifers.
• Brown, Tyler (5 November 2020). "Rock history to move for Ocean Reef Marina redevelopment". Joondalup Times. Retrieved 26 December 2020. The engraving was scientifically tested and it was determined to be a hoax. However, the intrigue and debate over the rock has seen it become a local landmark in the decades since.
• Lewis, Chris (15 November 2022). "Musket 'bolo' balls buried in sand for 366 years discovered on WA beach". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vergulde Draeck.

• Gilt Dragon Research Group
• WA Museum site general information
• WA Museum Site

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