Victory in Europe Day
Winston Churchill waving to the crowds in Whitehall on 8 May celebrating the end of the war, showing the V of Victory
Also called	VE Day V-E Day
Observed by	European states National holiday (8 May): European Union Observances (8 May): Norway Ukraine United Kingdom Full list see below
Type	International
Significance	End of World War II in Europe
Date	8 May
Frequency	Annual
First time	8 May 1945; 79 years ago (8 May 1945)
Related to	Victory over Japan Day, Victory Day (9 May) and Europe Day

Victory in Europe Day is the day celebrating the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces on Tuesday, 8 May 1945; it marked the official end of World War II in Europe in the Eastern Front, with the last known shots fired on 11 May.

Russia and some former Soviet countries celebrate on 9 May, as Germany's unconditional surrender entered into force at 23:01 on 8 May Central European Summer Time; this corresponded with 00:01 on 9 May in Moscow Time.

Several countries observe public holidays on the day each year, also called Victory Over Fascism Day, Liberation Day, or Victory Day. In the UK it is often abbreviated to VE Day, a term which existed as early as September 1944,^[1] in anticipation of victory.

Crowds gathering in celebration at Piccadilly Circus, London during VE Day on 8 May 1945

Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel signing the final surrender terms on 8 May 1945 in Berlin

Final positions of the Allied armies, May 1945

United States military policemen reading about the German surrender in the newspaper Stars and Stripes

Adolf Hitler, the Nazi leader, had committed suicide on 30 April during the Battle of Berlin, and Germany's surrender was authorised by his successor, Reichspräsident Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg Government. The act of military surrender was first signed at 02:41 on 7 May in SHAEF HQ at Reims,^[2] and a slightly modified document, considered the definitive German Instrument of Surrender, was signed on 8 May 1945 in Karlshorst, Berlin at 22:43 local time.

The German High Command will at once issue orders to all German military, naval and air authorities and to all forces under German control to cease active operations at 23.01 hours Central European time on 8 May 1945...

— German Instrument of Surrender, Article 2, ^{[citation needed]}

Upon the defeat of Germany, celebrations erupted throughout the Western world, especially in the United Kingdom, in North America and in USSR. More than one million people celebrated in the streets throughout the UK to mark the end of the European part of the war. In London, crowds massed in Trafalgar Square and up the Mall to Buckingham Palace, where King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, accompanied by their daughters and Prime Minister Winston Churchill, appeared on the balcony of the palace before the cheering crowds. Churchill went from the palace to Whitehall, where he addressed another large crowd:^[3]

God bless you all. This is your victory. In our long history, we have never seen a greater day than this. Everyone, man or woman, has done their best.

Churchill asked Ernest Bevin to come forward and share the applause. Bevin said, "No, Winston, this is your day", and proceeded to conduct the people in the singing of "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow".^[3] Later, Princess Elizabeth (the future Queen Elizabeth II) and her sister Princess Margaret were allowed to wander incognito among the crowds and take part in the celebrations.^[4] The 2015 film A Royal Night Out was inspired by Elizabeth and Margaret mingling with the public that night.^{[citation needed]}

In the United States, the event coincided with President Harry S. Truman's 61st birthday.^[5] He dedicated the victory to the memory of his predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had died of a cerebral hemorrhage less than a month earlier, on 12 April.^[6] Flags remained at half-staff for the remainder of the 30-day mourning period.^[7][8] Truman said of dedicating the victory to Roosevelt's memory and keeping the flags at half-staff that his only wish was "that Franklin D. Roosevelt had lived to witness this day".^[6] Later that day, Truman said that the victory made it his most enjoyable birthday.^[5] Great celebrations took place in many American cities, especially in New York's Times Square.^[9]

Tempering the jubilation somewhat, both Churchill and Truman pointed out that the war against Japan had not yet been won. In his radio broadcast at 15:00 on 8 May, Churchill told the British people, "We may allow ourselves a brief period of rejoicing (as Japan) remains unsubdued".^[10][11] In America, Truman broadcast at 09:00 and said it was "a victory only half won".^[12]

On the same day in 1945, Muslims in French Algeria celebrating the end of the war (of which some were also peacefully protesting for independence) became the targets of violence and massacres by colonial authorities and pied-noir settler militias, which would last until 26 June 1945.^[13][14][15] While details of the killings were largely overlooked in metropolitan France, the impact on the Algerian Muslim population was traumatic, especially on the large numbers of Muslim soldiers in the French Army who were then returning from the war in Europe.^[16] Nine years later, the Algerian War began, leading to independence from France in March 1962.^[17] In February 2005, Hubert Colin de Verdière, France's ambassador to Algeria, formally apologized for the massacre, calling it an "inexcusable tragedy".^[18][19]

VE Day is celebrated across European nations as public holidays and national observances.

The Festival of Joy is an Austrian event held in honor of VE Day. The Austrian Mauthausen Committee (MKÖ) has organised the Festival of Joy since 2013, in cooperation with the Austrian Government and the City of Vienna. The festival is held annually on Heldenplatz.^[20]

On the eve of the diamond jubilee in 2020, Russian President Vladimir Putin, at the request of Chancellor Sebastian Kurz, gave a live address broadcast on Austrian TV channel ORF.^[21]

France celebrates VE Day on 8 May, being a national and public holiday. Orléans simultaneously celebrates both VE Day and the anniversary of the Siege of Orléans being lifted on this date by French forces led by Joan of Arc during the Hundred Years War.^[22]

Events in Berlin occur on 8 May to commemorate those who fought against Nazism in the German Resistance and died in World War II. In 2020, a regional holiday in Berlin occurred on 8 May to mark the 75th anniversary of surrender.^[23] East Germany celebrated 8 May as its Tag der Befreiung (Liberation Day), first celebrated under Walter Ulbricht's government in 1950 and repeated annually until the fall of communism.^[24] Between 1975 and 1990, it was Tag des Sieges (Victory Day).^{[citation needed]}

8 May is known in Poland as "Narodowy Dzień Zwycięstwa" (National Victory Day). Poland officially recognised 9 May from 1945 until 2014, and on 24 April 2015, Poland officially recognised National Victory Day.^[25] On 8 May 1945, a meeting of the Council of Ministers was held, debating whether to establish the holiday on 8 May (proposed by Marshal Michał Rola-Żymierski) or 10 May (proposed by the government).^[26] Finally, in Poland, the National Day of Victory and Freedom was established on 9 May by decree.

From 1946 to 1989, it was celebrated with Russian traditions, as Poland was a socialist state at the time. The main celebrations were carried out at Plac Zwycięstwa or Plac Defilad in Warsaw (most notably in 1985).

After 1990 and the fall of the Soviet Union, no official ceremonies were organized; however, many cities and military units together with local governments organized their own festivities. The Russian minority in Poland continues to celebrate 9 May traditions to this date. At the end of March 2015, due to the upcoming 70th anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe, the President of the Institute of National Remembrance Łukasz Kamiński sent a letter to the Marshal of the Sejm requesting a change from 9 to 8 May.^[27] On 24 April, the Sejm adopted the Act on National Victory Day to be celebrated on 8 May, at the same time abolishing the National Day of Victory and Freedom celebrated on 9 May.^[28]

In the United Kingdom, VE Day is not an annual public holiday. In 1995 and 2020, the bank holiday was moved from the preceding Monday to 8 May to commemorate the 50th and 75th anniversaries of VE Day, respectively.^[29][30]

•  Belgium: In Belgium, the commemoration of the termination of World War II since 1974 has been part of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 (Dutch: Wapenstilstandsdag), an annual national holiday. Every year on this day, a truce-ceremony is held in the presence of the king at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier near the Congress Column in Brussels. It was first intended to commemorate the victims of the First World War and subsequently those of World War II and all other wars worldwide.^{[citation needed]}
•  Czech Republic: Since the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the Czech Republic has officially recognized 8 May as Victory Day (Den vítězství) Liberation Day (Den osvobození).^[31][32] In recent years the liberation of Plzeň by American forces has been commemorated on 5 May.^[33][34][35] From 1948 to 1993, the Czechoslovak Republic celebrated 9 May, which was marked with a military parade of the Czechoslovak People's Army (ČSLA) on Letná every five years.^[36][37]
•  European Union: 9 May is Europe Day which celebrates "peace and unity in Europe", on the anniversary of the 1950 Schuman Declaration.^[38]
• Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania officially commemorate 8 May, but do not commemorate 9 May since it marked the Soviet occupation in 1944 for these states.^[39] Despite this, the local Russian communities still informally celebrate 9 May. Russian diplomats, other representatives from the Commonwealth of Independent States, and local politicians of Russian origin usually take part.^[40][41]

Country	Holiday name	Date	Type	Notes
Armenia	Victory and Peace Day	9 May	National public	[42]
	Shushi Liberation Day	8 May	National public	It is celebrated jointly with VE Day
Azerbaijan	Victory Day	9 May	National public	[42]
Bailiwick of Guernsey	Liberation Day, Guernsey	9 May	Regional public	British Channel Islands have three Liberation Days: 9 May in Jersey and Guernsey;[43] 10 May in Sark;[44] and 16 May in Alderney
	Liberation Day, Sark	10 May	Regional public	[44]
	Liberation Day, Alderney	16 May	Regional public	[43]
Belarus	Victory Day	9 May	National public	[45]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Victory Day	9 May	Regional public	Public holiday only in Republika Srpska but celebrated across the nation[46]
Czech Republic	Victory Day	8 May	National public	as "Den vítězství"
Estonia	Remembrance Day	8 May	National commemorative	Not a public holiday; commemorative services are held during the day.[47]
Georgia	Victory over Fascism Day	9 May	National public	As "ფაშიზმზე გამარჯვების დღე" (Victory over Fascism Day)[48][49]
Israel	VE Day	9 May	National commemorative	Considered a national day of remembrance.[50]
Italy	Liberation Day	25 April	National public	Public holiday.[51]
Jersey	Liberation Day	9 May	Regional public	[52]
Kazakhstan	Victory Day	9 May	National public	[53]
Kyrgyzstan	Victory Day	9 May	National public	[42]
Latvia	Remembrance Day	8 May	National commemorative	As Nacisma sagrāves un Otrā pasaules kara upuru piemiņas diena (The Crushing of Nazism and Commemoration Day of Victims of World War II). Not a public holiday; commemorative services are held during the day.[54]
Lithuania	Remembrance Day	8 May	National commemorative	As Antrojo pasaulinio karo aukų atminimo diena (Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the World War II).[55] Not a public holiday; commemorative services are held by the President and other officials.
Moldova	Victory Day	9 May	National public	[42][56]
Netherlands	Liberation Day	5 May	National commemorative	as "Bevrijdingsdag" (Liberation Day), a public holiday held once every year on 5 May.[57]
Denmark	Liberation Day	5 May	National commemorative	as "Befrielsesdag" (Liberation Day), an official flag flying day, not a public holiday.[58]
Norway	Liberation Day	8 May	National commemorative	as "Frigjøringsdagen" (Liberation Day) and The National Veterans Day, an official flag flying day, not a public holiday.[59]
Russia	Victory Day	9 May	National public	as "День Победы" (Victory Day)[60][61]
Serbia	Victory Day	9 May	National public	as "Дан победе" / "Dan pobede" (Victory Day), a public working holiday.[62][63]
Slovakia	Victory over Fascism Day	8 May	National public	as "Deň víťazstva nad fašizmom" [64]
Tajikistan	Victory Day	9 May	National public	[42]
Turkmenistan	Day of Remembrance of National Heroes of Turkmenistan in the 1941–1945 World War	9 May	National public	[65]
Ukraine	Day of Remembrance and Victory over Nazism in World War II 1939 – 1945	8 May	National public	[66]
Uzbekistan	Day of Remembrance and Honour	9 May	National public	[67] Known as "День Памяти и Почестей"; before 1999, it was known as "Галаба куни" or "День победы" (Victory Day).[citation needed]

The instrument of surrender signed 7 May 1945 stipulated that all hostilities must cease at 23:01 (CET), 8 May 1945. Since that point in time would be on 9 May in local time in the Soviet Union, most Soviet states including Russia celebrated Victory Day on 9 May.^[68][69]

• 
  Fireworks in Moscow, Russia (Victory Day 2005)
• 
  Ceremony in Place de la République, Strasbourg, France (2013)
• 
  Concert in Amsterdam, Netherlands (Bevrijdingsdag 2014)
• 
  A T-72 tank in the Victory Day parade, Astana, Kazakhstan (Victory Day 2015)
• 
  The Victory Day Parade, Red Square, Moscow, Russia (Victory Day 2015)
• 
  Ceremony at the Mother Armenia monument, Yerevan, Armenia (Victory Day 2018)
• 
  A street in Wetherby with decorative bunting, United Kingdom (2020)
• 
  Ceremony at the World War II Memorial, Washington D.C., United States (2020)

• List of timelines of World War II
• Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War
• Victory Day
• Victory Day Parades
• Victory over Japan Day
• Stunde Null

• Hermiston, Roger (2016). All Behind You, Winston – Churchill's Great Coalition, 1940–45. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 978-17-81316-64-1.
• Telfer, Kevin (2015). The Summer of '45. Islington: Aurum Press Ltd. ISBN 978-17-81314-35-7.

Media related to VE Day at Wikimedia Commons

• Records from the UK Parliament Collections
• WWII: VE Day, May 8, 1945 – slideshow by Life magazine (archived)
• Rare audio speeches of the famous historical persons of the USSR, etc.
• 50th Anniversary Celebration of VE Day in Moscow on YouTube by Leon Charney on The Leon Charney Report.