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Viola pedunculata

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Violaceae
Genus:	Viola
Species:	V. pedunculata
Binomial name
*Viola pedunculata* Torr. & A. Gray

Viola pedunculata, the California golden violet, Johnny jump up, or yellow pansy, is a perennial yellow wildflower of the coast and coastal ranges in California and northwestern Baja California.^[1] The common name "Johnny jump up" is usually associated with Viola tricolor however, the introduced garden annual.

The plant grows on open, grassy slopes, in chaparral habitats, and in oak woodlands, from sea level to around 3,280 feet (1,000 m). It prefers part shade, but will tolerate sun in many locations.

Description

Viola pedunculata is a perennial, growing from a spongy rhizome. The plant is often low-growing, but can reach a height of 6 inches (15 cm).

The leaves are 1-5.5 cm long, cordate (heart-shaped) to deltate-ovate (oblong-triangular), scalloped or toothed, and glabrous or hairy.^[2] They are summer deciduous.

The fragrant flowers appear in March and April, and are a rich, saturated yellow to yellow-orange, with brown-purple nectar guides on the lower petals. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and are pollinated by native and introduced insects. Dried in air, the seeds weigh about 4 milligrams (0.00014 oz) each.

Subspecies

Viola pedunculata ssp. pedunculata ^[3]
Viola pedunculata ssp. tenuifolia ^[4]

Uses

Culinary

The leaves were used by the Diegueno and Luiseno indigenous people of California for food:. The young leaves were picked before the flowers appeared in the spring, then boiled, and used as greens.^[5]

The flower buds and petals are edible. As with other yellow flowers in the genus Viola, large quantities may cause diarrhea.
An herbal tea or tisane can be brewed from the leaves.

Cultivation

The plant is cultivated as an ornamental plant by specialty plant nurseries, for planting as a drought tolerant seasonal groundcover or flowering accent plant in native plant and wildlife gardens; and as a potted plant.^[6]^[7]

They are propagated by seed or nursery/garden divisions.^[8] The plant prefers rich soil, and no irrigation water in summer, when it is dormant.^[6]

When cultivated in colder climates outside its native range where not so hardy, it is most successful when propagated in a cold frame.

References

^ "Viola pedunculata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
^ Jepson: Viola pedunculata . accessed 3.23.2013
^ CalFlora: Viola pedunculata ssp. pedunculata
^ USDA: Viola pedunculata ssp. tenuifolia
^ Univ. of Michigan: Dearborn — Ethnobotany treatment . accessed 3.23.2013
^ ^a ^b Las Pilitas horticultural database: Viola pedunculata — (Violet, Yellow Pansy, Johnny jump up, California Golden Violet, and Wild Pansy) . accessed 3.23.2013
^ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Database (NPIN)
^ CNPLX: Viola pedunculata - Nursery and Seed Sources . accessed 3.23.2013

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viola pedunculata.

Taxon identifiers
Viola pedunculata	Wikidata: Q4013802 Wikispecies: Viola pedunculata BOLD: 673721 Calflora: 8300 CoL: 5BHBQ EoL: 584578 FNA: 250100936 GBIF: 5331230 GRIN: 430489 iNaturalist: 50825 IPNI: 868923-1 IRMNG: 10203550 ITIS: 22132 NatureServe: 2.132841 Open Tree of Life: 3915474 Plant List: tro-33800452 PLANTS: VIPE3 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:868923-1 Tropicos: 33800452 WFO: wfo-0001144673

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