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Vishnufelis - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vishnufelis Temporal range: Miocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Family:	Felidae
Subfamily:	Felinae
Genus:	†Vishnufelis Pilgrim, 1932
Type species
Vishnufelis laticeps Pilgrim, 1932

Vishnufelis is a fossil genus of feline (cat) containing only a single species, Vishnufelis laticeps. It was described by Guy Ellcock Pilgrim in 1932, based on the first cranial material of a cat found in Asia: a fragmented skull found in the Chinji Formation, which dates back to the middle Miocene.^[1]^[2]

History and naming

The holotype and only specimen, a fragmentary skull, was collected by K. Aiyengar from the Chinji Formation, some 2.75 miles (4.43 km) east of Paridarwaza in Jhelum, India. The fossils were placed in the collection in Calcutta of the Geological Survey of India, listed as GSI-D 266. In 1932, paleontologist Guy Ellcock Pilgrim described the fossils as the new genus and species Vishnufelis laticeps.^[1]

No etymology for the generic or specific names was given by Pilgrim,^[1] but the specific name laticeps, meaning "wide-headed" in Latin, is a common taxonomic epithet.^[3]

In 1978, additional fossils of Vishnufelis sp. were reported, though not described, from the upper Lower Siwaliks in the Ramnagar basin.^[4]

Description

Pilgrim described it as a primitive feline of medium size with a low, elongated skull. The nasals are short and narrow, while the zygomatic arches are broad. The second premolar was very small and situated halfway between the canine and third premolar. The third premolar was likewise reduced. At least three incisors and the fourth premolar are preserved in the fossil. He considered it most similar to the clouded leopard among extant cats.^[1] Colbert, in his 1935 summary of Siwalik fossils, described it as small.^[5]

Classification

Pilgrim in his original description considered Vishnufelis laticeps a very primitive member of the subfamily Felinae.^[1]

Paleobiology

Vishnufelis had sharp teeth and probably preyed on smaller animals.^[6]

Paleoenvironment

The Lower Siwaliks of Ramnagar were likely a half-closed, half-open woodlands ecosystem with grassy areas, riddled with waterways and floodplain channels and ponds.^[7]

A 2020 analysis of carnivoran species considered it part of a Middle Miocene paleobiogeographic province in southern Asia.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pilgrim, G. (1932). "The fossil Carnivora of India". Palaeontologia Indica, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. 18: 206–209.
^ Rothwell, Tom (2004). "Chapter 12: New Felid Material from the Ulaan Tologoi Locality, Loh Formation (Early Miocene) of Mongolia". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 285: 157. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2004)285<0157:C>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0090. S2CID 85951519.
^ "Laticeps". 24 December 2022. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
^ Vasishat, R.N.; Gaur, R.; Chopra, S.R.K. (1978). "Geology, fauna and palaeo-environments of Lower Siwalik deposits around Ramnagar, India". Nature. 275 (5682): 736–737. Bibcode:1978Natur.275..736V. doi:10.1038/275736a0. S2CID 4294129.
^ Colbert, Edwin H. (1935). "Siwalik Mammals in the American Museum of Natural History". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 26: 125. doi:10.2307/1005467. JSTOR 1005467.
^ Sehgal, Ramesh; Nanda, Avinash (2002). "Palaeoenvironment and palaeoecology of the Lower and Middle Siwalik Subgroups of a part of Northwestern Himalaya". Journal of the Geological Society of India. 59 (6): 517–529.
^ Basu, Prabir Kumar (2004). "Siwalik mammals of the Jammu Sub-Himalaya, India: An appraisal of their diversity and habitats". Quaternary International. 117 (1): 105–118. Bibcode:2004QuInt.117..105B. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00120-4.
^ Grohé, Camille; De Bonis, Louis; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Chavasseau, Olivier; Rugbumrung, Mana; Yamee, Chotima; Suraprasit, Kantapon; Gibert, Corentin; Surault, Jérôme; Blondel, Cécile; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2020). "The Late Middle Miocene Mae Moh Basin of Northern Thailand: The Richest Neogene Assemblage of Carnivora from Southeast Asia and a Paleobiogeographic Analysis of Miocene Asian Carnivorans". American Museum Novitates (2020): 1. doi:10.1206/3952.1. S2CID 219296152.

Genera of civets, mongooses, hyenas, cats, and their extinct allies

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora

Feliformia

†Palaeogalidae

†Palaeogale?

†Nimravidae

- See Nimravidae

Aeluroidea

Nandiniidae

Nandinia

Viverroidea

Viverridae

†Africanictis †Dunictis †Forsythictis †Lufengictis †Ketketictis †Mioprionodon †Moghradictis †Progenetta
Genettinae	Genetta Poiana
Hemigalinae	Chrotogale Cynogale Diplogale Hemigalus Macrogalidia
Paradoxurinae	Arctictis Arctogalidia †Kanuites †Kichechia Paguma Paradoxurus †Siamictis †Tugenictis
Viverrinae	Civettictis †Semigenetta Viverra Viverricula

Herpestoidea

Herpestidae	See below↓
Hyaenidae	See below↓

Feloidea

- See below↓

Herpestidae

Eupleridae

Euplerinae	Cryptoprocta Eupleres Fossa
Galidiinae	Galidia Galidictis Mungotictis Salanoia

Herpestidae

†Kichechia †Legetetia †Leptoplesictis †Ugandictis
Herpestinae	Atilax Bdeogale Cynictis Herpestes Ichneumia Paracynictis Urva Xenogale
Mungotinae	Crossarchus Dologale Helogale Liberiictis Mungos Suricata

Hyaenidae

†Percrocutidae?

Dinocrocuta
Percrocuta

†Lophocyonidae

Hyaenidae

†Allohyaena †Belbus †Metahyaena †Pliocrocuta †Tongxinictis †Werdelinus
†Ictitheriinae	Herpestides Hyaenotherium Ictitherium Lycyaena Miohyaenotherium Plioviverrops Protictitherium Thalassictis Tungurictis
Protelinae	†Gansuyaena Proteles
Hyaeninae	†Adcrocuta †Chasmaporthetes Crocuta Hyaena †Hyaenictis †Ikelohyaena †Leecyaena †Lycyaenops †Pachycrocuta †Palinhyaena Parahyaena

Feloidea

†Barbourofelidae

(See Barbourofelidae)

Prionodontidae

Felidae

†Asilifelis †Diamantofelis †Hyperailurictis †Katifelis †Namafelis †Miopanthera †Pseudaelurus †Sivaelurus †Styriofelis
†Proailurinae	Proailurus Vinayakia
Felinae	Acinonyx Catopuma Caracal Felis Herpailurus Leopardus Leptailurus †Leptofelis Lynx †Magerifelis †Miracinonyx Otocolobus Pardofelis †Pratifelis Prionailurus †Pristifelis Puma †Sivapanthera †Sivapardus †Vishnufelis
†Machairodontinae	See Machairodontinae
Pantherinae	Neofelis Panthera †Leontoceryx †Pachypanthera

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