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Wallemiomycetes - Wikipedia

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Wallemiomycetes

Wallemia sebi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Wallemiomycetes Zalar, de Hoog, & Schroers (2005)^[1]
Order:	Wallemiales Zalar, de Hoog, & Schroers (2005)
Family:	Wallemiaceae R.T. Moore (1966)^[2]
Genus:	Wallemia Johan-Olsen (1887)
Type species
Wallemia ichthyophaga
Species
W. canadensis W. hederae W. ichthyophaga W. mellicola W. muriae W. peruviensis W. sebi W. tropicalis
Synonyms
Hemispora Vuillemin 1906

The Wallemiomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. It consists of the single order Wallemiales, containing the single family Wallemiaceae, which in turn contains the single genus Wallemia. The phylogenetic origin of the lineage was placed to various parts of Basidiomycota, but according to the analysis of a larger dataset it is a sister group of Agaricomycotina.^[3]^[4] The genus contains species of xerophilic molds that are found worldwide. The seven described species (W. sebi, W. ichthyophaga, W. muriae, W. mellicola, W. canadensis, W. tropicalis, and W. hederae) are distinguished by conidial size, xerotolerance, halotolerance, chaotolerance, growth temperature regimes, extracellular enzyme activity profiles, and secondary metabolite patterns.^[1]^[5] They are typically isolated from low-moisture foods (such as cakes, bread, sugar, peanuts, dried fish), indoor air dust, salterns and soil.^[1] W. sebi is thought to be one of the causes of the hypersensitivity pneumonitis known as the farmer's lung disease,^[6] but since the other species were recognised and separated from W. sebi only recently, their role in the disease cannot be excluded.^[1]

Tolerance to low water activity is generally much more frequent among ascomycetous than basidomycetous fungi, and xerotolerant fungi are also able to grow in regular growth media with normal water activity (unlike, for example, halophilic Archaea).^[7] However, species from the genus Wallemia are an exception to both of these rules: all species can tolerate high concentrations of sugars and salts (W. ichthyophaga grows even in media saturated with sodium chloride), while W. muriae and W. ichthyophaga cannot be cultivated unless the water activity of the medium is lowered.^[1]

Studies on Wallemia sebi showed that it produces numerous secondary metabolic compounds, including walleminol, walleminone, wallemia A and C, and azasteroid UCA1064-B.^[8] A comprehensive research on other species of the class discovered that secondary metabolites are consistently produced by Wallemiomycetes and their production is – contrary to common presumptions – increased as a response to increasing NaCl concentration. In particular an increase in NaCl concentration from 5% to 15% in the growth media increased the production of the toxic metabolites wallimidione, walleminol and walleminone.^[9]

Cell wall and morphological changes of Wallemia species are thought to play a major role in adaptation to low water activity.^[10]

The whole genome sequences of W. sebi^[3] and W. ichthyophaga^[4] are available.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Zalar P, Sybren de Hoog G, Schroers HJ, Frank JM, Gunde-Cimerman N (May 2005). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the xerophilic genus Wallemia (Wallemiomycetes and Wallemiales, cl. et ord. nov.)". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 87 (4): 311–28. doi:10.1007/s10482-004-6783-x. PMID 15928984. S2CID 4821447.
^ Sneh B, Jabaji-Hare S, Neate S, Dijst G (1996). Rhizoctonia species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7923-3644-0.
^ ^a ^b Padamsee M, Kumar TK, Riley R, Binder M, Boyd A, Calvo AM, Furukawa K, Hesse C, Hohmann S, James TY, LaButti K, Lapidus A, Lindquist E, Lucas S, Miller K, Shantappa S, Grigoriev IV, Hibbett DS, McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW, Aime MC (March 2012). "The genome of the xerotolerant mold Wallemia sebi reveals adaptations to osmotic stress and suggests cryptic sexual reproduction". Fungal Genetics and Biology (Submitted manuscript). 49 (3): 217–26. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2012.01.007. PMID 22326418.
^ ^a ^b Zajc J, Liu Y, Dai W, Yang Z, Hu J, Gostinčar C, Gunde-Cimerman N (September 2013). "Genome and transcriptome sequencing of the halophilic fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga: haloadaptations present and absent". BMC Genomics. 14: 617. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-617. PMC 3849046. PMID 24034603.
^ Jančič S, Nguyen HD, Frisvad JC, Zalar P, Schroers HJ, Seifert KA, Gunde-Cimerman N (2015-05-27). "A Taxonomic Revision of the Wallemia sebi Species Complex". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0125933. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025933J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125933. PMC 4446336. PMID 26017053.
^ Reboux G, Piarroux R, Mauny F, Madroszyk A, Millon L, Bardonnet K, Dalphin JC (June 2001). "Role of molds in farmer's lung disease in Eastern France". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 163 (7): 1534–9. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2006077. PMID 11401869.
^ Gostincar C, Grube M, de Hoog S, Zalar P, Gunde-Cimerman N (January 2010). "Extremotolerance in fungi: evolution on the edge". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 71 (1): 2–11. Bibcode:2010FEMME..71....2G. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00794.x. PMID 19878320.
^ Desroches TC, McMullin DR, Miller JD (October 2014). "Extrolites of Wallemia sebi, a very common fungus in the built environment". Indoor Air. 24 (5): 533–42. Bibcode:2014InAir..24..533D. doi:10.1111/ina.12100. PMID 24471934.
^ Jančič S, Frisvad JC, Kocev D, Gostinčar C, Džeroski S, Gunde-Cimerman N (30 December 2016). "Production of Secondary Metabolites in Extreme Environments: Food- and Airborne Wallemia spp. Produce Toxic Metabolites at Hypersaline Conditions". PLOS ONE. 11 (12): e0169116. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1169116J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169116. PMC 5201246. PMID 28036382.
^ Kralj Kuncic M, Kogej T, Drobne D, Gunde-Cimerman N (January 2010). "Morphological response of the halophilic fungal genus Wallemia to high salinity". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (1): 329–37. Bibcode:2010ApEnM..76..329K. doi:10.1128/AEM.02318-09. PMC 2798636. PMID 19897760.

Opisthokont: True fungi classification, fungal orders

(major groups

Rozellomyceta

Rozellomycetes

Microsporidiomycota

Morellosporales Nucleophagales Paramicrosporidiales
Microsporidia	Chytridiopsidea Metchnikovellea Microsporea

Aphelidiomyceta

Aphelidiomycota	Aphelidea

Eumycota

Zoosporic fungi
(paraphyletic)

Neocallimastigomycota	Neocallimastigomycetes
Monoblepharomycota	Hyaloraphidiomycetes Monoblepharidomycetes
Chytridiomycota	?Caulochytriomycetes ?Coenomycetes Sanchytriomycetes Chytridiomycetes
Blastocladiomycota	Physodermatomycetes Blastocladiomycetes

Zygomycota
(paraphyletic)

Olpidiomycota	Olpidiomycetes
Basidiobolomycota	Basidiobolomycetes
Entomophthoromycota	Neozygitomycetes Entomophthoromycetes
Kickxellomycota	Zoopagomycetes Dimargaritomycetes Ramicandelaberomycetes Kickxellomycetes
Mortierellomycota	Mortierellomycetes
Calcarisporiellomycota	Calcarisporiellomycetes
Mucoromycota	Endogonomycetes Mucoromycetes
Glomeromycota	†Palaeovesiarbusmycetes Paraglomeromycetes Archaeosporomycetes Glomeromycetes

Dikarya

Entorrhizomycota

Entorrhizomycetes

Ascomycota
(sac fungi)

Taphrinomycotina

Saccharomycotina

Pezizomycotina

Other	Orbiliomycetes Pezizomycetes
Dothideomyceta	Candelariomycetes Coniocybomycetes Lichinomycetes Arthoniomycetes Collemopsidiomycetes Dothideomycetes Eurotiomycetes Lecanoromycetes Xylobotryomycetes
Sordariomyceta	Xylonomycetes Geoglossomycetes Leotiomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes Sareomycetes Sordariomycetes

Basidiomycota
(with basidia)

Pucciniomycotina	Tritirachiomycetes Mixiomycetes Agaricostilbomycetes Cystobasidiomycetes Microbotryomycetes Classiculomycetes Cryptomycocolacomycetes Atractiellomycetes Spiculogloeomycetes Pucciniomycetes
Ustilaginomycotina	Peribolosporomycetes Monilielliomycetes Malasseziomycetes Ustilaginomycetes Exobasidiomycetes
Agaricomycotina	Dacrymycetales Agaricomycetes Wallemiomycetes Bartheletiomycetes Tremellomycetes

See also: fungi imperfecti (polyphyletic group).

Taxon identifiers
Wallemiomycetes	Wikidata: Q10719182 Wikispecies: Wallemiomycetes AusFungi: 60013120 CoL: 62279 EPPO: 1WALLL GBIF: 269 iNaturalist: 152044 IndexFungorum: 501496 IRMNG: 1032 MycoBank: 501496 NCBI: 431957 NZOR: 1288012d-cf81-4a27-b327-0088cecd610f Open Tree of Life: 1051895 SpeciesFungorum: 501496
Wallemia	Wikidata: Q12269570 Wikispecies: Wallemia AusFungi: 60015600 CoL: 87GQ EoL: 22214 EPPO: 1WALLG GBIF: 2512785 iNaturalist: 499625 IndexFungorum: 10428 IRMNG: 1323714 MycoBank: 10428 NBN: BMSSYS0000019711 NCBI: 148959 NZOR: 4014844b-5dc6-4d9c-b9c8-eee321c3d4b9 Open Tree of Life: 449257 SpeciesFungorum: 10428
Wallemiaceae	Wikidata: Q10719180 Wikispecies: Wallemiaceae AusFungi: 60013582 CoL: HVL EoL: 5792 EPPO: 1WALLF GBIF: 3820 iNaturalist: 499624 IndexFungorum: 81922 IRMNG: 117729 ITIS: 936486 MycoBank: 81922 NBN: NHMSYS0020000123 NCBI: 431959 NZOR: e78f633e-5a79-433c-ac87-c471e1363ba1 Open Tree of Life: 458051 SpeciesFungorum: 81922
Wallemia	Wikidata: Q1138166 Wikispecies: Wallemia AusFungi: 60015600 CoL: 87GQ EoL: 22214 EPPO: 1WALLG GBIF: 2512785 iNaturalist: 499625 IndexFungorum: 10428 IRMNG: 1323714 MycoBank: 10428 NBN: BMSSYS0000019711 NCBI: 148959 NZOR: 4014844b-5dc6-4d9c-b9c8-eee321c3d4b9 Open Tree of Life: 449257 SpeciesFungorum: 10428
Wallemiales	Wikidata: Q10719181 Wikispecies: Wallemiales AusFungi: 60013239 CoL: 4BH EoL: 5791 EPPO: 1WALLO GBIF: 1120 iNaturalist: 152566 IndexFungorum: 501542 IRMNG: 11025 ITIS: 936373 MycoBank: 501542 NBN: NHMSYS0020000124 NCBI: 431958 NZOR: 45cb4d8c-8a2c-41f0-9185-7c2c6c80f310 Open Tree of Life: 1051919 SpeciesFungorum: 501542

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