The Worimi (also spelt Warrimay) people are Aboriginal Australians from the eastern Port Stephens and Great Lakes regions of coastal New South Wales, Australia. Before contact with European settlers, their country extended from Port Stephens in the south to Forster/Tuncurry in the north and as far west as Gloucester.[1][2]
Country
According to Norman Tindale, Worimi country extended over 1,500 square miles (3,900 km2), and he specified that it encompassed the Hunter River to the coastal town of Forster near Cape Hawke. It reached Port Stephens and ran inland roughly as far as Gresford, and in proximity to Glendon Brook, Dungog and the upper Myall Creek. To the south, their territory extended to Maitland.[3]
Social organisation
The Worimi were divided into four bands:
- Garuagal (the country adjoining Teleghery Creek and along the lower Hunter)[b]
- Maiangal (sea-shore south of Port Stephens, inland to Teleghery Creek)
- Gamipingal (northern side of Port Stephens, left bank of Karuah)[c]
- Buraigal (right bank of the Karuah up to Stroud)[d][4]
Language
The language of the Worimi peoples is Gathang, which is undergoing revival in the 21st century.[5]
History of contact with British colonists
The Australian Agricultural Company was established in 1824 by an act of the British Parliament. The aim of the legislation was to further the cultivation and improvement of what it termed "waste land" in the colony of New South Wales. In January 1826, a company agent, Robert Dawson (1782–1866), set up camp near the shoreline at Port Stephens. He confined his settlement activities to the coast, with farms on Stroud Creek, outposts on the Manning River and stock-mustering in Gloucester Vale. According to a modern historian, despite good reports, Dawson's numerous improvements,[6] were judged inadequate and the area around Port Stephen was seen as disappointing, with useless outskirts, the central zone rocky and steep, and the Gloucester flats water-logged, so that sheep suffered from foot-rot.[7] The Company wanted to push beyond the hills that hemmed the settlement in, and Dawson was dismissed for mismanagement, being replaced by the Arctic explorer, William Parry.
Soon after, Dawson published a vindication, and then a glowing account of the area, together with an account of the Worimi. He described the Worimi as a "mild and harmless race", and attributed any harm they might cause to the maltreatment they received from settlers, who had been shooting them like dogs.[8] Of the situation around Port Stephens, he wrote:
There has, perhaps, been more of this done near to this settlement, and on the banks of the two rivers which empty themselves into this harbor, than in any other part of the colony; and it has arisen from the speculators in timber..The natives complained to me frequently, that 'white pellow' (white fellows) shot their relations and friends; and showed me many orphans, whose parents had fallen by the hands of white men, near this spot. The pointed out one white man, on his coming to beg some provisions for his party up the river Karuah, who, they said, had killed ten, and the wretch did not deny it, but said he would kill them whenever he could. It was well for him that he had no white man to depose to the facts, or I would have had him off to jail at once.'[9]
Lifestyle
The Worimi fostered, cared for and lived on resources found within their country. Marine food, especially shell-fish were favoured by people living closest to the sea. Due to the reliability of that resource, it may have been preferred over land animals and vegetables. The latter two were used as supplementary foods and added variety to their diet. Animals that were abundant included kangaroos and goannas, possums, snakes and flying foxes. Vegetables eaten included fern roots, stalks of the Gymea lily, and the bloom of the banksia.[2]
Modern period
Today, the Worimi Local Aboriginal Land Council[10] is working closely with Worimi descendants to provide opportunities that promote, foster and protect their culture and heritage. In July 2016, the New South Wales Government recognised 5.9 ha (14.6 acres) of the suburb of Soldiers Point as a place of historical value for Aboriginal people, noting the particular importance in cultural and spiritual terms that it held for the Worimi.[11]
Alternative names
- Bahree
- Cottong
- Gadang, Kutthung, Guttahn, Kattang (language name)
- Gingai/Gringai/Gooreenggai
- Karrapath/Carapath
- Kutthack
- Molo
- Port Stephens tribe
- Wannungine
- Warrangine (at Maitland)
- Warrimee/Warramie
- Wattung/ Watthungk
Source: Tindale 1974, p. 202
Some words
- garua ('salt-water', hence the hordal name, 'Garua-gal', 'belonging to the salt water')
- gami ('spear', hence the name Gamipingal, 'belonging to the spear')[12]
Footnotes
- ^ This map is indicative only.
- ^ Elkin states:'living along the tidal reaches of the Hunter River from its mouth to Maitland.' (Elkin 1932, p. 360)
- ^ Elkin adds:'and east of the Karuah River to Tea Gardens.' (Elkin 1932, p. 360)
- ^ Elkin adds: "from Limeburner's Creek up to Stroud".(Elkin 1932, p. 360)
References
Citations
- ^ Enright 1932, pp. 75–77.
- ^ a b Sokoloff 1980.
- ^ Tindale 1974, pp. 201–202.
- ^ Enright 1932, p. 76.
- ^ "Gathang (Birrbay, Guringay & Warrimay)". Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ Flowers 1966.
- ^ Roberts 2013, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Dawson 1831, pp. 51ff..
- ^ Dawson 1831, p. 58.
- ^ Worimi Local Aboriginal Land Council.
- ^ Norris 2016, p. 15.
- ^ Elkin 1932, p. 360.
Sources
- Dawson, Robert (1831). The Present State of Australia: A Description of the Country, Its Advantages and Prospects, with Reference to Emigration: and a Particular Account of the Manners, Customs, and the Condition of Its Aboriginal Inhabitants (2nd ed.). Smith, Elder & Co. p. 51.
- Elkin, A. P. (March 1932). "Notes on the Social Organization of the Worimi, a Kattang-speaking people". Oceania. 2 (3): 359–363. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1932.tb00034.x. JSTOR 27976153.
- Enright, Walter John (5 July 1899). "Initiation Ceremonies of the Aborigines of Port Stephens, N.S.W." (PDF). Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales: 115–124.
- Enright, Walter John (1900). "The language, (Gadjang (also spelt Kattang, Kutthung, Gadhang, Gadang, Gathang), weapons and manufactures of the aborigines of Port Stephens" (PDF). Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 34: 103–118. doi:10.5962/p.359339. S2CID 259733588.
- Enright, Walter John (March 1932). "The Kattang (Kutthung) or Worimi: An Aboriginal Tribe". Mankind: 75–77.
- Flowers, E. (1966). "Robert Dawson (1782–1866)". Dawson, Robert (1782–1866). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 1. Melbourne University Press.
- Norris, Sam (4 July 2016). "State government recognises Aboriginal significance of Soldiers Point land". Port Stephens Examiner.
- "Port Stephens History". Port Stephens Council. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
- Roberts, S.H. (2013) [First published 1969]. History of Australian Land Settlement. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-26720-8.
- Sokoloff, Boris (1980), The Worimi: hunter gatherers at Port Stephens, Raymond Terrace and District Historical Society, retrieved 8 November 2013 – via Trove
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Worimi (NSW)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- Turbet, Peter (2011). The First Frontier. Rosenberg Publishing. ISBN 978-1-922-01300-2.
- "Worimi Local Aboriginal Land Council". Retrieved 11 June 2016.
External links
- The Worimi at Worimi Conservation Lands website
