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XPath 3 is the latest version of the XML Path Language, a query language for selecting nodes in XML documents. It supersedes XPath 1.0 and XPath 2.0.
XPath 3.0 became a W3C Recommendation on 8 April 2014, while XPath 3.1 became a W3C Recommendation on 21 March 2017.
New features in XPath 3.0
Compared to XPath 2.0, XPath 3.0 adds the following new features:
- Inline function expressions
- Anonymous functions can be created in an expression context. For example, the expression
function($a as xs:double, $b as xs:double) as xs:double { $a * $b }creates a function that returns the product of its two arguments. The expressioncollection()/(let $a := . return function() { $a })creates a sequence of functions, each one returning a different node from a collection. - Dynamic function calls
- Function values may be called without being referenced by name. For example,
$f[2]("Hi there")fetches the second item from sequence$f, and invokes it as a function, passing the string"Hi there"as argument. - Union types
- Union types, as defined in XML Schema, may be used in type conversions and function type signatures.
- Namespace literals
- XML namespaces may be referenced using braced URI literals. For example, the qualified name
math:pimay be expanded toQ{http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math}pi, embedding the namespace URI inside the prefix. - String concatenation operator
- The new
||operator may be used for string concatenation:$a || $bis equivalent tofn:concat($a, $b). - Mapping operator
- The new
!operator performs simple mapping:E1 ! E2evaluatesE2for each item in the sequenceE1, and concatenates the resulting items. This is comparable to the path operator/, but the!operator does not perform duplicate elimination nor document ordering of the results.
New features in XPath 3.1
XPath 3.1 mainly adds support for array and map (associative array) data types. These types and their associated functionality are intended to ease working with JSON data.
Another innovation is the arrow operator => for function chaining. For example, the XPath 2.0 expression
contains(upper-case(substring-before($in, ' ')), 'X')
can now be written
$in => substring-before(' ') => upper-case() => contains('X')
References
- "XML Path Language (XPath) 3.0". World Wide Web Consortium. 8 April 2014.
- "XML Path Language (XPath) 3.1". World Wide Web Consortium. 21 March 2017.
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