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Information mapping
Topics and fields
Business decision mapping Data visualization Graphic communication Infographics Information design Knowledge visualization Mental model Morphological analysis Ontology (information science) Schema (psychology) Visual analytics Visual language
Node–link approaches
Argument map Cladistics Cognitive map Concept lattice Concept map Conceptual graph Decision tree Dendrogram Graph drawing Hyperbolic tree Hypertext Issue map Issue tree Layered graph drawing Mind map Object-role modeling Organizational chart Pathfinder network Radial tree Semantic network Sociogram Timeline Topic map Tree structure ZigZag
See also
Design rationale Diagrammatic reasoning Entity–relationship model Geovisualization List of concept- and mind-mapping software Olog Ontology (philosophy) Problem structuring methods Semantic Web Treemapping Wicked problem
v t e

ZigZag is a data model, invented by Ted Nelson, that deconstructs the spreadsheet to allow irregular relations, at the same time generalizing the idea to multiple dimensions.

The design is centered on an information structure called a zzstructure and its interactive visualizations. Instead of conventional linear text or tree structures, zzstructure is a multidimensional extension of a spreadsheet whose cells can contain various kinds of data.

Whereas conventional spreadsheet software requires a rectangle of equal-length rows, the ZigZag model holds arbitrary structures of cells—as long as they are orthogonally connected (left edge to right edge, top edge to bottom, and so on in as many dimensions as desired).

At any moment, the display shows any two dimensions in table form, but only existing cells are shown—what would be empty space on a spreadsheet simply does not exist. Users can pivot the display about any cell to efficiently "rotate" any unseen dimension in place of either visible one, allowing them to browse high dimensional grids in a zigzag manner.

Each cell may have at most one positive connection and one negative connection in any dimension. The user may step freely from a cell to any adjacent cell in a selected dimension. Each node exists on all dimensions, though it may or may not be connected to anything in that dimension.

Nelson calls this structure "hyperthogonal". He personally retains the ZigZag® trademark, the idea being that a user can zig and zag through structures in multiple dimensions.

Nelson tells the origin of the idea in his autobiography, POSSIPLEX.^[1] The idea came to Nelson in 1981 in the following form: "Going rightward and downward might not necessarily get you to the same place as going downward and rightward." At that time Nelson was working at Datapoint in San Antonio, Texas. Since employees are generally required to report new software concepts to their employer, Nelson told his supervisor, Klavs Landberg. Landberg's reaction was "Get out of here with your crazy ideas." Nelson took this as permission to develop the idea independently.

The first prototype consisting of two character-graphical views was implemented as a Perl module by Andrew Pam in 1997.^{[citation needed]} From 2000 to 2003, a free software project GZigZag (later Gzz) developed another prototype with more views and other conventions,^[2] but Ted Nelson stopped supporting it.^[3] The underlying zzStructure was a patented technology (U.S. patent 6,262,736). The patent expired on May 5, 2019. The Gzz prototype is available at xanadu.com/zigzag.

Nelson's basic demo video^[4] shows how a person may be given a name, title, date of birth, spouse and children. This generalizes to a family-tree view.

Adam Moore, while at the University of Nottingham, used the GzigZag prototype to demonstrate an animated demonstration of biochemistry in a video.^[5]

Since hyperthogonal structure is abstract, it can in principle be used for anything—data, visualization, programing, animation.

- Data and visualization: The data structures in the standard demo (marriage and children) become a visualization (a family tree, explorable, from Queen Elizabeth II, up to Queen Victoria).

- programming: Various abstractions have been posited to use ZigZag as a programming system, some of which were in Andrew Pam's 1996 prototype.

- text editing: Text editing was in the Azz prototype and is also possible in the Gzz package, though it is not emphasized.

• For contrast, the current World Wide Web and its standards are:
  • HTML - hypertext
  • XML - data model
  • RDF - metadata structure
  • Semantic Web - "a better World Wide Web"

Theodor Holm Nelson, POSSIPLEX. Mindful Press, 2010.

• Theodor Holm Nelson. A Cosmology for a Different Computer Universe: Data Model, Mechanisms, Virtual Machine and Visualization Infrastructure. Journal of Digital Information, Volume 5 Issue 1. Article No. 298, 2004-07-16.
• Michael J. McGuffin, m. c. schraefel. A Comparison of Hyperstructures: Zzstructures, mSpaces, and Polyarchies. Proceedings of 15th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia (HT) 2004.
• Theodor Holm Nelson. Interactive connection, viewing, and maneuvering system for complex data U.S. patent 6,262,736. Issued July 17, 2001.

• Xanadu project website on ZigZag
• Ted Nelson on Zigzag data structures — video on YouTube
• Tuomas Lukka (19 December 2002). "A Gentle Introduction to Ted Nelson's ZigZag Structure".