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  2. Wiktionary
  3. ṯwt
ṯwt

ṯwt

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: TWT, twt, and tw*t

Egyptian

Etymology

From ṯw (masculine second-person singular dependent pronoun) + an element -t that forms older independent pronouns from dependent pronouns.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Tw&t

 m sg 2. stressed (‘independent’) pronoun

  1. you (see usage notes) [Old Kingdom]

Usage notes

This form was standard in Old Egyptian. By Middle Egyptian, it had been replaced by ntk, and was retained only as an archaism. When used thus as an archaism in Middle Egyptian, it could be masculine or feminine, even though in Old Egyptian it was strictly masculine.

Unlike the suffix pronouns and dependent pronouns, the independent pronouns are not tied to any other element of the sentence. Nevertheless, the meaning of an independent pronoun depends on context:

  • After an infinitive, it is the subject of the verb.
  • Before a noun, its meaning can be ambiguous:
    • In the first and second person, it could be the subject of a noun phrase.
    • Alternatively, in all persons, it can be the predicate of a noun phrase.
    • If the noun is a participle, then in all persons it could be either the subject or the predicate of a noun phrase.
    • If the demonstrative pronoun pw is placed between the pronoun and the noun, the pronoun is definitely the predicate.
  • Before an adjective, in the first person only, it is the subject of an adjectival phrase.

When the independent pronoun is the subject it may, but does not always, indicate an emphasised subject.

Inflection

Old Egyptian personal pronouns
number first person second person third person
masculine feminine masculine feminine
suffix pronouns singular ∅, .j
 .k, .kj1
 .ṯ, .ṯn
 .f, .fj1
 .s, .sj1
dual .nj
 .ṯnj
 .snj
plural .n
 .ṯn
 .sn
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns singular w, wj, wy
 kw, k, ṯw, ṯ
 ṯm, ṯn
 sw, s
 s
dual —
 ṯnj
 snj
plural n
 ṯn
 sn
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns singular jnk
 ṯwt
 ṯmt
 swt
 stt
dual —
 —
 ntsnj
plural —
 ntṯn
 ntsn, jntsn
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings singular .kj, .k
 .tj, .t
 ∅, .j
 .tj, .t
dual — .tjwn
 .wy, .wj
 .ty
plural .wn, .nw
 ∅, .w, .y, .wy
 .tj, .t
  1. Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
Middle Egyptian personal pronouns
number first person second person third person
masculine feminine masculine feminine
suffix pronouns singular ∅, .j
 .k, .kj1
 .ṯ, .t
 .f, .fj1
 .s, .sj1
dual2 .nj
 .ṯnj, .tnj
 .snj
plural .n
 .ṯn, .tn
 .sn, .w3
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns singular wj, w
 ṯw, tw
 ṯn, tn
 sw, st
 sj, s, st
plural n
 ṯn, tn
 sn, st
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns singular jnk
 ntk, ṯwt2
 ntṯ, ntt, ṯwt2
 ntf, swt2
 nts, swt2
plural jnn3
 ntṯn, nttn
 ntsn
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings singular .kw
 .tj, .t, .tw3
 ∅, .w
 .tj, .t, .tw3
plural .wn, .wjn
 .tjwn, .tjwnj
 ∅, .w, .y
proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns3 singular tw.j
 tw.k
 tw.t
 sw
 sj, st
plural tw.n
 tw.tn
 st
  1. Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
  2. Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
  3. Only in postclassical (Neo-Middle Egyptian) texts.
Late Egyptian personal pronouns
number first person second person third person
masculine feminine masculine feminine
suffix pronouns singular ∅, .j
 .k, .kw
 .t
 .f, .fj
 .s, .st, .sw
plural .n
 .tn, .twn
 .w, .sn1
enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns1 singular wj
 tw, tj
 sw, st
plural n, wn
 twn
 sn, st
stressed (‘independent’) pronouns singular jnk
 mntk, mtwk
 mntt, mtwy
 mntf
 mntst, mntjst
plural jnn
 mnttn
 mntw
stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings1 singular .kw, .k
 .tj, .tw
 ∅, .w, .y
 .tj, .tw
plural .nw
 .tn
 ∅, .w, .y
unmarked (later) ∅, .tw
proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns singular tw.j
 tw.k
 tw.t
 sw
 st, sw
plural tw.n
 tw.tn
 st, sw, swt
  1. Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ṯwt  

t		 w&t

t		 w&tA53Y1V
twt twt

References

  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 52.
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