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  2. Wiktionary
  3. 恐
恐

恐

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
恐 U+6050, 恐
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6050
← 恏
[U+604F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 恑 →
[U+6051]

Translingual

Han character

恐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP) or 難一弓心 (XMNP), four-corner 17331, composition ⿱⿰工凡心(GJKV) or ⿱⿰工⿹⺄㐅心(HT))

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 384, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10552
  • Dae Jaweon: page 714, character 25
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2289, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+6050

Chinese

trad. 恐
simp. # 恐
alternative forms
𢖶 ancient
𢙷
𢝭
𢟃
鞏／巩
𢖶 ancient
𢙷
𢝭
𢟃
鞏／巩
⿱⿰工几心
 

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
缸 *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢 *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑 *kluːmʔ
涳 *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江 *kroːŋ
肛 *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛 *kroːŋ
杠 *kroːŋ
豇 *kroːŋ
茳 *kroːŋ
釭 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼 *kroːŋ
玒 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹 *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔 *kʰroːŋ
崆 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫 *kʰroːŋ
控 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌 *qʰroːŋ
谾 *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡 *qʰroːŋ
缻 *ɡroːŋ
項 *ɡroːŋʔ
屸 *ɡ·roːŋ
功 *koːŋ
工 *koːŋ
疘 *koːŋ
魟 *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻 *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩 *koːŋ
碽 *koːŋ
貢 *koːŋs
羾 *koːŋs
空 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜 *kʰoːŋ
硿 *kʰoːŋ
埪 *kʰoːŋ
鵼 *kʰoːŋ
倥 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚 *kʰoːŋs
叿 *qʰoːŋ
嗊 *qʰoːŋʔ
訌 *ɡoːŋ
紅 *ɡoːŋ
仜 *ɡoːŋ
葒 *ɡoːŋ
渱 *ɡoːŋ
鴻 *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞 *ɡoːŋʔ
澒 *ɡoːŋʔ
鞏 *koŋʔ
巩 *koŋʔ
銎 *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐 *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩 *ɡoŋ
筇 *ɡoŋ
桏 *ɡoŋ
邛 *ɡoŋ

In the Shuowen Jiezi appears as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 𢀜 () + semantic 心 (“heart”). The modern form can be interpreted as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”)

Pronunciation

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 恐
Mandarin Beijing /kʰuŋ²¹⁴/
Harbin /kʰuŋ²¹³/
Tianjin /kʰuŋ¹³/
Jinan /kʰuŋ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /kʰəŋ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /kʰuŋ⁵³/
Xi'an /kʰuŋ⁵³/
Xining /kʰuə̃⁵³/
Yinchuan /kʰuŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /kʰũn⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /kʰuŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /kʰoŋ⁴²/
Chengdu /kʰoŋ⁵³/
Guiyang /kʰoŋ⁴²/
Kunming /kʰoŋ⁵³/
Nanjing /kʰoŋ²¹²/
Hefei /kʰəŋ²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰuəŋ⁵³/
Pingyao /kʰuŋ⁵³/
Hohhot /kʰũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kʰoŋ³⁵/
Suzhou /kʰoŋ⁵¹/
Hangzhou /kʰoŋ⁵³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰyɔ³⁵/
/kʰoŋ³⁵/
Hui Shexian /kʰuʌ̃³⁵/
Tunxi /kʰan³¹/ ～怖
/t͡ɕʰin³¹/ ～怕
Xiang Changsha /kʰoŋ⁴¹/
Xiangtan /kʰən⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /kʰuŋ²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /kʰiuŋ³¹/
Taoyuan /kʰioŋ³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ³⁵/
Nanning /kʰuŋ³⁵/
Hong Kong /huŋ³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰyŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰioŋ⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xɔŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 恐 恐
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 丘隴切 區用切
Baxter khjowngX khjowngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰɨoŋX/ /kʰɨoŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰioŋX/ /kʰioŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰioŋX/ /kʰioŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰuawŋX/ /kʰuawŋH/
Li
Rong 		/kʰioŋX/ /kʰioŋH/
Wang
Li 		/kʰĭwoŋX/ /kʰĭwoŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kʰi̯woŋX/ /kʰi̯woŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qiǒng qiòng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hung2 hung3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 恐
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kǒng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khjowngX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/
English fear

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 恐 恐
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4071 4072
Phonetic
component 		工 工
Rime
group 		東 東
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		恐 恐
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰoŋʔ/ /*kʰoŋs/

Definitions

恐

  1. to fear; to be afraid
  2. fearful; apprehensive
  3. perhaps; may (not)

Compounds

References

Japanese

Kanji

恐

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. fear; be afraid
  2. threaten
  3. probably

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

恐 (eumhun 두려울 공 (duryeoul gong))

  1. hanja form? of 공 (“fear, be scared, be apprehensive”)

Vietnamese

Han character

恐: Hán Việt readings: khúng, khủng
恐: Nôm readings: khủng, thứ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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