don
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Page categories
English
Pronunciation
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /dɒn/
- (General American) IPA(key): /dɑn/
Audio (US): (file) - Homophones: Don; dawn (cot–caught merger)
- Rhymes: -ɒn
Etymology 1
From Latin dominus (“lord, head of household”), akin to Italian don, Sicilian don, Spanish don; from domus (“house”). Doublet of dom, domine, dominie, and dominus.
Noun
don (plural dons)
- A university professor, particularly one at Oxford or Cambridge.
- 1859–1861, [Thomas Hughes], chapter I, in Tom Brown at Oxford: […], part 1st, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, published 1861, →OCLC, page 12:
- No one feeds at the high table except the dons and the gentlemen-commoners, who are undergraduates in velvet caps and silk gowns[.]
- 1876, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], chapter XVI, in Daniel Deronda, volume I, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book II (Meeting Streams), page 321:
- The truth is, unless a man can get the prestige and income of a Don and write donnish books, it’s hardly worth while for him to make a Greek and Latin machine of himself and be able to spin you out pages of the Greek dramatists at any verse you’ll give him as a cue.
- An employee of a university residence who lives among the student residents.
- A mafia boss.
- A (usually Spanish or Italian) title of respect to a man, especially a lord or nobleman.
- Coordinate term: donna
- 1845 September, Charles F. Ellerman, “Reminiscences of the Island of Cuba”, in Simmonds’s Colonial Magazine, volume VI, number 21, London, chapter VIII (Mrs. Smith seized with furor scribendi, writes a lengthy Epistle to her dear Cousin Mrs. Margery Stubbs), page 79:
- Wo often of an evening go and hear the band in the square opposite the captin-giniral’s palace—it is here were the dons and donnas and all the fashionables assemble, and I must say it’s amusing.
- 1906 August, Harry H. Dunn, “Afoot in California”, in Western Field, volume 9, number 1, San Francisco, Calif., page 481, column 1:
- Time was when the walker amid California vales could stop at some cool cellar hid in these western hills and pour from great flagons a shimmering glass of cool red wine. Nowadays, the hand of the law has stepped in and spoiled all this, because the hordes of wanderers who have come west have made of these resting places questionable resorts—made of them places that the Spanish dons and donnas never dreamed of.
- 2019, Caleb Stewart Rossiter, “Taking the Handles: Debating History and Morality”, in The Turkey and the Eagle: The Struggle for America’s Global Role, New York, N.Y.: Algora Publishing, →ISBN, page 283:
- A sustained media campaign against American domination would require the support of just a few dot-com dons and donnas or hedge fund phenoms who want to head straight for structural change and skip the reformist way stations supported by philanthropic business leaders like Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, Ben Cohen, Gary Hirshberg, and the later[ ]Paul Newman’s family.
- (MLE) Any man, bloke, dude.
- Synonym: donny
Derived terms
Related terms
Translations
Etymology 2
From Middle English don (“to put on”), from Old English dōn on. Compare also doff, dup, dout.
Verb
don (third-person singular simple present dons, present participle donning, simple past and past participle donned)
- (transitive) To put on clothing; to dress (oneself) in an article of personal attire.
- Synonyms: put on, clothe, dight, enrobe; see also Thesaurus:clothe
- Antonym: doff
- To don one's clothes.
- 1886-88, Richard Francis Burton, The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night:
- Now when he had reached the King's capital wherein was Alaeddin, he alighted at one of the Kháns; and, when he had rested from the weariness of wayfare, he donned his dress and went down to wander about the streets, where he never passed a group without hearing them prate about the pavilion and its grandeur and vaunt the beauty of Alaeddin and his lovesomeness, his liberality and generosity, his fine manners and his good morals.
- 2022 March 23, Paul Bigland, “HS2 is just 'passing through'”, in RAIL, number 953, page 41:
- Having donned our PPE, we walk through the site to the prefab that controls access to the tunnel.
Derived terms
Translations
|
See also
See also
- ram-don (etymologically unrelated)
Anagrams
Albanian
Alternative forms
- do (Standard Albanian)
Etymology
Gheg variant of Standard Albanian do (“(it) wants, needs, loves, likes”) and do (“you want, need, love, like”).
Verb
don (aorist dashta, participle dashtë) (Gheg forms)
Conjugation
- Standard Albanian conjugation:
Show compound tenses:
participle | dashur | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | duke dashur | ||||||
infinitive | për të dashur | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st pers. | 2nd pers. | 3rd pers. | 1st pers. | 2nd pers. | 3rd pers. | ||
indicative | present | dua | do | do | duam | doni | duan |
imperfect | doja | doje | donte | donim | donit | donin | |
aorist | desha | deshe | deshi | deshëm | deshët | deshën | |
perfect | kam dashur | ke dashur | ka dashur | kemi dashur | keni dashur | kanë dashur | |
past perfect | kisha dashur | kishe dashur | kishte dashur | kishim dashur | kishit dashur | kishin dashur | |
aorist II | pata dashur | pate dashur | pati dashur | patëm dashur | patët dashur | patën dashur | |
future1 | do të dua | do të duash | do të dojë | do të duam | do të doni | do të duan | |
future perfect2 | do të kem dashur | do të kesh dashur | do të ketë dashur | do të kemi dashur | do të keni dashur | do të kenë dashur | |
subjunctive | present | të dua | të duash | të dojë | të duam | të doni | të duan |
imperfect | të doja | të doje | të donte | të donim | të donit | të donin | |
perfect | të kem dashur | të kesh dashur | të ketë dashur | të kemi dashur | të keni dashur | të kenë dashur | |
past perfect | të kisha dashur | të kishe dashur | të kishte dashur | të kishim dashur | të kishit dashur | të kishin dashur | |
conditional1, 2 | imperfect | do të doja | do të doje | do të donte | do të donim | do të donit | do të donin |
past perfect | do të kisha dashur | do të kishe dashur | do të kishte dashur | do të kishim dashur | do të kishit dashur | do të kishin dashur | |
optative | present | daça | daç | dantë | dançim | dançit | dançin |
perfect | paça dashur | paç dashur | pastë dashur | paçim dashur | paçit dashur | paçin dashur | |
admirative | present | dashkam | dashke | dashka | dashkemi | dashkeni | dashkan |
imperfect | dashkësha | dashkëshe | dashkësh | dashkëshim | dashkëshit | dashkëshin | |
perfect | paskam dashur | paske dashur | paska dashur | paskemi dashur | paskeni dashur | paskan dashur | |
past perfect | paskësha dashur | paskëshe dashur | paskësh dashur | paskëshim dashur | paskëshit dashur | paskëshin dashur | |
imperative | present | — | duaj | — | — | doni | — |
1) indicative future identical with conditional present 2) indicative future perfect identical with conditional perfect |
Related terms
Azerbaijani
Pronunciation
Audio: (file)
Etymology 1
From Proto-Turkic *tōn. Cognate with Chuvash тум (tum).
Noun
don (definite accusative donu, plural donlar)
- dress (worn by women)
- Synonym: paltar
- gown (loose, flowing upper garment)
- (figurative) raiment, attire, garb, habiliments
- appearance, look (of a person)
Declension
Declension of don | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||||||
nominative | don |
donlar | ||||||
definite accusative | donu |
donları | ||||||
dative | dona |
donlara | ||||||
locative | donda |
donlarda | ||||||
ablative | dondan |
donlardan | ||||||
definite genitive | donun |
donların |
Derived terms
Related terms
- donanma (“fleet; navy”)
Etymology 2
From Proto-Turkic *doŋ (“frozen; frost”). See Bashkir туң (tuñ) for more cognates.
Adjective
don (comparative daha don, superlative ən don)
Noun
don (definite accusative donu, plural donlar)
Derived terms
Further reading
- “don” in Obastan.com.
Bambara
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Noun
don
Etymology 2
Verb
don (tone dòn)
- (intransitive) to enter
- (transitive) to put (something into something)
- to put on, wear (of clothing)
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Predicative
don (tone dòn)
- marks the predicate
References
- 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
Breton
Etymology
From Proto-Brythonic *duβn, from Proto-Celtic *dubnos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰnós.
Adjective
don
Casiguran Dumagat Agta
Etymology
From Proto-Philippine *dahun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun.
Noun
dön
- leaf (of a plant)
Czech
Etymology
Borrowed from Spanish don, which is from Latin dominus (“lord”).
Pronunciation
Noun
don m anim
- (in Italian environment) (Originally a title of honour of the Pope, later used for all priests and later for aristocrats)
- don Giovanni ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- (Spanish noble title) [19th c.]
- (title of respect in front of Spanish given names)
- don José ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- don (maffia boss)
- 2003, Miroslav Nožina, Mezinárodní organizovaný zločin v České republice, Themis, →ISBN, page 156:
- Roku 1876 mafiánský don Raffaele Palizollo reformoval dosavadní strategii nevměšování se mafie do veřejného života.
- In 1876 mafia don Raffaele Palizollo reformed the previous strategy of mafia not interfering into public affairs.
Declension
Related terms
Further reading
- Rejzek, Jiří (2015) “don”, in Český etymologický slovník [Czech Etymological Dictionary] (in Czech), 3rd (revised and expanded) edition, Praha: LEDA, →ISBN, page 153
- "don" in Věra Petráčková, Jiří Kraus et al. Akademický slovník cizích slov. Academia, 1995, ISBN 80-200-0497-1, page 175.
- “don”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935-1957
- “don”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
Anagrams
Dupaningan Agta
Etymology
From Proto-Philippine *dahun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun.
Noun
don
- leaf (of a plant)
French
Etymology
Inherited from Old French don, from Latin dōnum.
Pronunciation
Noun
don m (plural dons)
Derived terms
Derived terms
Further reading
- “don”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Galician
Etymology
From Late Latin domnus, from Latin dominus (“lord”). Cognates include Spanish don.
Noun
don m (plural dons, feminine dona, feminine plural donas)
Synonyms
- (courtesy treatment): señor
Related terms
Further reading
- “don”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, since 2012
Irish
Etymology 1
Alternative forms
- do’n (superseded)
- ’on (colloquial)
Pronunciation
Contraction
don
- Contraction of do an.
- Thug mé don bhuachaill é. ― I gave it to the boy.
- Tá mé ag dul don Spáinn. ― I'm going to Spain.
Usage notes
This contraction is obligatory, i.e. *do an never appears uncontracted. It triggers lenition of a following consonant other than d, s, or t.
Related terms
Basic form | Contracted with | Copular forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
an (“the sg”) | na (“the pl”) | mo (“my”) | do (“your”) | a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) | ár (“our”) | ar (“which (past)”) | (before consonant) | (present/future before vowel) | (past/conditional before vowel) | |
de (“from”) | den | de na desna* |
de mo dem* |
de do ded*, det* |
dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
do (“to, for”) | don | do na dosna* |
do mo dom* |
do do dod*, dot* |
dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
faoi (“under, about”) | faoin | faoi na | faoi mo | faoi do | faoina | faoinár | faoinar | faoinarb | faoinarbh | |
i (“in”) | sa, san | sna | i mo im* |
i do id*, it* |
ina | inár | inar | inarb | inarbh | |
le (“with”) | leis an | leis na | le mo lem* |
le do led*, let* |
lena | lenár | lenar | lenarb | lenarbh | |
ó (“from, since”) | ón | ó na ósna* |
ó mo óm* |
ó do ód*, ót* |
óna | ónár | ónar | ónarb | ónarbh | |
trí (“through”) | tríd an | trí na | trí mo | trí do | trína | trínár | trínar | trínarb | trínarbh | |
*Dialectal. |
Etymology 2
From Old Irish don (“misfortune, evil”).
Pronunciation
Noun
don
Usage notes
Used only in a few stock maledictions such as Do dhon is do dhuais ort!, Don is duais ort!, Mo dhon is mo dhograinn ort! (all basically "bad luck to you!") and Don d’fhiafraí ort! (“Don’t be so inquisitive!”).
Derived terms
Mutation
Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis |
don | dhon | ndon |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “don”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “don”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
- “don”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024
Italian
Alternative forms
Etymology
From a shortening of an earlier donno, from dom'no (used by Dante), from Latin domnus < dominus. Compare Sicilian don.
Pronunciation
Noun
don m (invariable)
- Father (a title given to priests)
- a title of respect to a man
Descendants
- → French: dom
Jamaican Creole
Etymology
From English don, particularly in the sense of a crime boss.
Pronunciation
Noun
don (plural don dem, quantified don)
- don, leader, community leader, crime boss, head of a garrison (leader)
- Dem figet seh mi a di one don?
- Have they forgotten that I'm the one true leader?
- From di word start go roun' seh him want turn di don, a whole heap a man start pree him and warn him fi be careful.
- As soon as word got around that he wanted to become the community leader, a lot of people took notice of him and warned him to be careful.
Derived terms
Japanese
Romanization
don
Middle English
Etymology 1
From Old English dōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną.
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Verb
don
- To do, perform (an activity)
- To complete, finish
- To make, create
- To put, place, position, raise
- To remove, take away
- To go or move (in a specified direction)
- To behave (in a specified manner)
- (auxiliary) To cause (an action or state)
- (auxiliary) Emphasises the verb that follows it
- (auxiliary) Stands in for a verb in a dependent clause
Usage notes
As in modern English, several uses of this verb are highly idiomatic.
Conjugation
infinitive | (to) don, do | ||
---|---|---|---|
present tense | past tense | ||
1st-person singular | do | dide | |
2nd-person singular | dost, dest | didest, dide | |
3rd-person singular | doth, deth | dide | |
subjunctive singular | do | ||
imperative singular | — | ||
plural1 | don, do | diden, dide | |
imperative plural | doth, do | — | |
participles | doynge, donde | don, do, ydon, ydo |
1Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- “dọ̄n, v.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-03-12.
- Wright, Joseph, and Elizabeth Mary Wright. An Elementary Middle English Grammar, p193. Oxford University Press, 1923.
Etymology 2
From Old English dōn on.
Pronunciation
Verb
don
Conjugation
1Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.
Descendants
References
- “don, v.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Middle Low German
Etymology
Verb
dôn
- to do
Conjugation
Irregular: present 1sg dô, 2sg deist (dôst, dṏst), 3sg deit (dôt, dṏt), pl. dôn, dôt, dṏt, preterit 1sg dede, 2sg dêdest, 3sg dede, pl. dêden, past participle gedân, dân
Nigerian Pidgin
Etymology
Verb
don
Northern Kurdish
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Arabic دُهْن (duhn). But compare Turkish donyağı, don yağı (“tallow”), which is said to be from the root of donmak (“to freeze”).
Noun
don m
- (melted) fat, grease
- Synonym: bez
- Bîne nanê genimî, duhn bide, bêxe leşê min, ezê sax bim. ― Bring wheat bread, spread it with fat, put it on my body and I shall be cured [i.e., come to life again].
References
- Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “don”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume I, London: Transnational Press, page 201b
- Gülensoy, Tuncer (1994) “don”, in Kürtçenin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of Kurdish][3] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, page 65
Northern Sami
Etymology 1
From Proto-Samic *tonë.
Pronunciation
Pronoun
don
- you (singular)
Inflection
Inflection of don (irregular) | |
---|---|
Nominative | don |
Genitive | dū |
Nominative | don |
Genitive | dū |
Accusative | dū |
Illative | dutnje |
Locative | dūs |
Comitative | duinna |
Essive | dūnin |
See also
Personal pronouns | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
1st person | mun | moai | mii |
2nd person | don | doai | dii |
3rd person | son | soai | sii |
Further reading
- Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages[4], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
Determiner
dōn
Occitan
Etymology
Pronunciation
Noun
don m (plural dons)
- gift (something given to another voluntarily)
- gift (a talent or natural ability)
- donation (a voluntary gift or contribution for a specific cause)
Related terms
Old English
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *dōn (“to do”). The exact development of past tense forms dyde, dydest, and dydon is unexplained, for such forms have -y- instead of expected *-e- (*dede, *dedest, *dedon) from Proto-Germanic past stem *ded-/*dēd-.
Pronunciation
Verb
dōn
- to do
- Hwæt dēst þū?
- What are you doing?
- c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
- Iċ dyde swā iċ meahte.
- I did what I could.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 17:12
- Hīe dydon swā hwæt swā hīe woldon.
- They did whatever they wanted.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 41:55
- Gangaþ tō Iosepe and dōþ swā hwæt swā hē ēow seċġe.
- Go to Joseph and do whatever he tells you.
- c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
- Ǣte þū tōdæġ? Iċ dyde.
- Did you eat today? I did.
- c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Beginning of Creation"
- Þæt ċild wēox swā swā ōðru ċildru dōþ.
- The child grew as other children do.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 3:8
- Þā behȳdde Adam hine, and his wīf ēac swā dyde, fram Godes ġesihte.
- Then Adam hid himself from God's sight, and his wife did so too.
- to make, cause
- c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of St. Bartholomew the Apostle"
- Þū dydest mīnne brōðor his god forlǣtan.
- You made my brother renounce his god.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 3:3
- Ġeġearwiaþ Dryhtnes weġ, dōþ his sīðas rihte.
- Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 4:19
- Folgiaþ mē, and iċ dō þæt ġit bēoþ manna fisċeras.
- Follow me, and I'll make you fishers of people.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 42:36
- Þā cwæþ Iācōb heora fæder, "Bearnlēasne ġē habbaþ mē ġedōnne. Næbbe iċ Iōsēp and Simeon is on bendum; nū ġē nimaþ Beniamin æt mē."
- Then Jacob, their father, said, "You have made me childless. I don't have Joseph and Simeon is in chains; now you're taking Benjamin from me."
- c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
- Swā swā hī ǣr mid nette fixodon on sǣlicum ȳðum, swā dyde Crist þæt hī siððan mid his heofonlīcan lāre manna sāwla ġefixodon; forðan ðe hī ætbrūdon folces menn fram flǣsclīcum lustum, and fram woruldlīcum ġedwyldum tō staðolfæstnysse lybbendra eorðan, þæt is tō ðām ēċan ēðle, be ðām cwæð sē witega þurh Godes Gāst, "Iċ āsende mīne fisċeras, and hī ġefixiað hī; mīne huntan, and hī huntiað hī of ǣlċere dūne and of ǣlċere hylle."
- As they before with a net had fished on the sea waves, so Christ caused them afterwards by his heavenly lore to fish for the souls of men; for they withdrew the people from fleshly lusts, and from worldly errors to the stability of the earth of the living, that is, to the eternal country, of which the prophet, through God's Spirit, said, "I will send my fishers, and they shall fish for them; my hunters, and they shall hunt them from every down and from every hill."
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
- Sē fēorða leahtor is ira þæt is on englisċ wēamōdnyss. Sēo dēð þæt sē man nāh his mōdes ġeweald and macað manslihtas and myċele yfelu.
- The fourth sin is Ira, that is in English, Anger; it causeth that a man have no power over his mind, and bringeth about manslaughters and many evils.
- c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of St. Bartholomew the Apostle"
- to put
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 7:33
- Hē dyde his fingras on his ēaran.
- He put his fingers in his ears.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 26:52
- Þā cwæþ sē Hǣlend tō him, "Dō þīn sweord eft on his sċēaðe."
- Then Jesus said to him, "Put your sword back in its sheath."
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 9:23
- Hwæt þā Sēm and Iapheth dydon ānne hwītel on heora sċuldran and ēodon underbæc.
- So then Shem and Japheth put a blanket on their shoulders and walked backwards.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 7:33
- to add
- c. 1011, Byrhtferth, Manual[5]:
- Blōtmōnaþ hæfþ seofon rēgulārēs. Dō þrītiġ þǣr tō, þonne bēoþ þæt seofon and þrītiġ.
- November has seven regulares. Add thirty to that, and it is thirty-seven.
- to take off, remove
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Exodus 3:5
- Dō þīn ġesċȳ of þīnum fōtum! Sōðlīċe sēo stōw þe þū on stentst is hālgu eorðe.
- Take your shoes off your feet! The place you're standing on is holy ground.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Exodus 3:5
- to treat someone (+ dative) a certain way
- c. 973, Æthelwold, translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict
- XXXV. Be þām þæt man eallum munucum ġelīċe dōn sċyle.
- 35. On how all monks should be treated equally.
- late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
- Ēalā hū yfele mē dōþ maniġe weoroldmenn mid þām þæt iċ ne mōt wealdan mīnra āgenra þēawa.
- Many worldly people treat me so badly, I'm not allowed to use my own strengths.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 16:19
- Nū iċ neom wierðe þæt iċ bēo þīn sunu nemned. Dō mē swā ānne of þīnum ierðlingum.
- I don't deserve to be called your son anymore. Treat me as one of your fieldworkers.
- c. 973, Æthelwold, translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict
- to give (+dative)
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
- ...Næbbe iċ seolfor ne gold, iċ þē dō þæt iċ hæbbe...
- ...I have neither silver nor gold, I give thee that I have...
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
Usage notes
- Old English does not have do-support. While dōn does have auxiliary function in Old English, such uses are purely causative, equivalent to modern "to make" or "to cause to" (as per sense 2 above). Therefore, when asking "do you hate me?", one would say hatast þū mē? (literally "hatest thou me?"), not dēst þū mē hatian? (which would instead mean "do you make me hate?").
- There are some emphatic uses of dōn that bear some resemblance to do-support constructions, often involving the ǣġþer ġe ("both ... and ...") construction and other verbs in apposition, although the apposed verbs are finite rather than infinitives. In such contexts, dōn is generally better translated with "to be", and the apposed verbs with participles or adjectives as necessary: sē catt dēþ ǣġþer ġe slǣpð ġe wacaþ ("the cat is both asleep and awake", or if translated with do-support, "the cat does both sleep and be awake").
- Dōn can be used to represent another verb that was previously mentioned to avoid repetition, or which can otherwise be inferred from context, like the modern verb: Hatast þū mē swā swā hēo dēþ? ("Do you hate me like she does?")
Conjugation
infinitive | dōn | dōnne |
---|---|---|
indicative mood | present tense | past tense |
first person singular | dō | dyde |
second person singular | dēst | dydest |
third person singular | dēþ | dyde |
plural | dōþ | dydon |
subjunctive | present tense | past tense |
singular | dō | dyde |
plural | dōn | dyden |
imperative | ||
singular | dō | |
plural | dōþ | |
participle | present | past |
dōnde | (ġe)dōn |
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “don”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary[6], 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Old French
Alternative forms
Etymology
Pronunciation
Noun
don oblique singular, m (oblique plural dons, nominative singular dons, nominative plural don)
Descendants
Old Irish
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Univerbation of di (“of/from”) + in (“the sg”)
Article
don
- of/from the sg
Alternative forms
Etymology 2
Univerbation of do (“to/for”) + in (“the sg”)
Article
don
- to/for the sg
Alternative forms
Etymology 3
Noun
don (gender unknown)
Descendants
- Irish: don
Mutation
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
don | don pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/ |
ndon |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Old Saxon
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *dōn.
Verb
dōn
- to do
Conjugation
infinitive | dōn | |
---|---|---|
indicative | present | past |
1st person singular | dōm | deda |
2nd person singular | dōs | dādi |
3rd person singular | dōd | deda |
plural | dōth | dādun |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st person singular | dōe | dādi |
2nd person singular | dōes | dādis |
3rd person singular | dōe | dādi |
plural | dōen | dādin |
imperative | present | |
singular | dō | |
plural | dōth | |
participle | present | past |
dōndi | gidōn, dōn |
Descendants
Old Spanish
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Late Latin dom, from domnus (“master, sir”), from Latin dominus, from domus (“a house”).
Noun
don m (plural dones)
- (honorific) sir, master; a title prefixed to male given names
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:
- [R]emont por la gracia de dios. arçobispo de Toledo. a don almeric. arçidiano de antiochia con grant amor ſalut ⁊ amidtad.
- Remont, by the Grace of God archbishop of Toledo, to master Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, with great love, haleness and goodwill.
Descendants
- Spanish: don (see there for further descendants)
Etymology 2
From Latin dōnum (“a gift”), from dō (“I give”).
Noun
don m (plural dones)
- gift, talent
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 65r:
- eſtonces el rey dio grandes dones adaniel e diol ſennoria ſobre ſos ſabios e la cibdat de babilonia […]
- Then the king gave Daniel great gifts and gave him rulership over his wise men and the city of Babylon […]
Descendants
- Spanish: don
Etymology 3
Shortening of dont.
Adverb
don
- Apocopic form of dont; where
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 56r:
- Euino el ppħa iſaẏas e dixo al reẏ ezechias dõ uinieron eſtos barones. ⁊ q̃ te dixieron dixo el de tierra de luen uinieron de babilonia.
- And the prophet Isaiah came and said to king Hezekiah, “Where did these men come from, and what did they say to you?” He said, “From a distant land. They came from Babylon”.
Descendants
- Spanish: do
Scottish Gaelic
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Preposition
don (+ dative)
- (higher register) Contraction of do an.
- Chaidh i don bhùth. ― She went to the shop.
Usage notes
- Like the bare article an, don triggers lenition if the following noun begins with f, c and g.
- In the modern language this form is considered to be high register, with dhan being generally more common.
References
- Colin Mark (2003) “do”, in The Gaelic-English dictionary, London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 235
Sicilian
Alternative forms
Etymology
From a shortening of an earlier donnu (“master, sir”), from Latin domnus < dominus, from domus (“a house”), from Proto-Indo-European *dṓm (“a house”), from root Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to build”).
Pronunciation
Noun
don m (inv)
- (obsolete) sir, master, lord
- (obsolete) social honorary title referred to men possessing patrimonial assets
- a title of respect to a man, especially older, prefixed to first names
Coordinate terms
Related terms
Spanish
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Inherited from Late Latin dom (“a courtesy title for monks and abbots”), from domnus (“master, sir”), from Classical Latin dominus, from domus (“a house”), from Proto-Indo-European *dṓm (“a house”), from root Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to build”).
Noun
don m (plural dones, feminine doña, feminine plural doñas)
- (obsolete) sir, master, lord
- a title of respect to a man, prefixed to first names
- 1844, José Zorrilla, Don Juan Tenorio[7], lines 57–58:
- [Y] dime: don Luis Mejías ¿ha venido hoy?
- [A]nd tell me: mister Luis Mejía, did he come today?
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
Etymology 2
From Latin dōnum (“a gift”) (whence English donation), from dō (“to give”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to give”).
Noun
don m (plural dones)
- gift, present
- gift, talent, knack
- Cielos, tu tío realmente tiene un don para gastar todo su dinero en el casino, ¿no?
- Yikes, your uncle really has a knack for blowing all his money in the casino, doesn't he?
Usage notes
- Like with the English word "knack", don can be used to describe a positive gift or talent, or a negative one like a bad habit or a neutral tendency to do something.
Derived terms
Related terms
Further reading
- “don”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Sranan Tongo
Etymology
Adjective
don
Noun
don
- stupidity
- Sranan odo: don no abi dresi.
- Surinamese proverb: there is no medicine for stupidity.
Descendants
Swedish
Etymology
Borrowed from Low German don (“"doing," work, thing”), from Low German don (“do”), which is cognate with English do, German tun.
Noun
don n
Declension
Declension of don | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | don | donet | don | donen |
Genitive | dons | donets | dons | donens |
Derived terms
References
- don in Svensk ordbok (SO)
- don in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
- don in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
Anagrams
Turkish
Etymology 1
From Ottoman Turkish طون (don), from Proto-Turkic *tōn.
Noun
don
Etymology 2
From Ottoman Turkish طوڭ (doñ), from Proto-Turkic *toŋ. Cognate with Chuvash тӑм (tăm), also related to Chinese 凍/冻 (dòng).[1]
Noun
don
Verb
don
Related terms
References
- ^ İnayet, A. (1998). Çincedeki Türkçe Kelimeler Üzerine . Türk Dünyası Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi , (6) , . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tdded/issue/12716/154815
Uzbek
Etymology
Borrowed from Classical Persian دانه (dāna).
Noun
don
Vietnamese
Pronunciation
Noun
(classifier con) don
- Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus macrourus)
- Synonym: đon
West Makian
Pronunciation
Noun
don
References
- Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours[8], Pacific linguistics
Yogad
Etymology
From Proto-Philippine *dahun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun.
Noun
don
- leaf (of a plant)
Yola
Etymology
From Middle English don, from Old English dōn on.
Pronunciation
Verb
don
References
- Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 36
Zazaki
Noun
don
- kind of bread
Zou
Verb
don
References
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- cs:People