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  2. Wiktionary
  3. surprendre
surprendre

surprendre

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French

Etymology

Inherited from Middle French surprendre, from Old French sorprendre. By surface analysis, sur- +‎ prendre. In Old French sorprendre (“to overtake”) (formed from sor- (“over”); cf. modern French sur-) was distinguished from sousprendre (“to surprise, catch unaware (from beneath)”) (formed from sous- (“under”)); the two verbs later became one over time.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /syʁ.pʁɑ̃dʁ/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɑ̃dr

Verb

surprendre

  1. to surprise
    Synonym: étonner
    Plus rien ne me surprend. ― Nothing surprises me anymore.
  2. to catch out
  3. to overhear, to discover, to spot (an action or secret someone is trying to hide)

Conjugation

This verb is conjugated on the model of prendre. That means it is quite irregular, with the following patterns:

  • In the infinitive, in the singular forms of the present indicative, and in the future and the conditional, it is conjugated like rendre, perdre, etc. (sometimes called the regular -re verbs).
  • In the plural forms of the present indicative and imperative, in the imperfect indicative, in the present subjunctive, and in the present participle, it is conjugated like appeler or jeter, using the stem surprenn- before mute 'e' and the stem surpren- elsewhere.
  • In the past participle, and in the past historic and the imperfect subjunctive, its conjugation resembles that of mettre.
Conjugation of surprendre (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple surprendre
compound avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple surprenant
/syʁ.pʁə.nɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
past participle surpris
/syʁ.pʁi/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses) 		present surprends
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃/ 		surprends
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃/ 		surprend
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃/ 		surprenons
/syʁ.pʁə.nɔ̃/ 		surprenez
/syʁ.pʁə.ne/ 		surprennent
/syʁ.pʁɛn/
imperfect surprenais
/syʁ.pʁə.nɛ/ 		surprenais
/syʁ.pʁə.nɛ/ 		surprenait
/syʁ.pʁə.nɛ/ 		surprenions
/syʁ.pʁə.njɔ̃/ 		surpreniez
/syʁ.pʁə.nje/ 		surprenaient
/syʁ.pʁə.nɛ/
past historic2 surpris
/syʁ.pʁi/ 		surpris
/syʁ.pʁi/ 		surprit
/syʁ.pʁi/ 		surprîmes
/syʁ.pʁim/ 		surprîtes
/syʁ.pʁit/ 		surprirent
/syʁ.pʁiʁ/
future surprendrai
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁe/ 		surprendras
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁa/ 		surprendra
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁa/ 		surprendrons
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁɔ̃/ 		surprendrez
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁe/ 		surprendront
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁɔ̃/
conditional surprendrais
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁɛ/ 		surprendrais
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁɛ/ 		surprendrait
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁɛ/ 		surprendrions
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁi.jɔ̃/ 		surprendriez
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁi.je/ 		surprendraient
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃.dʁɛ/
(compound
tenses) 		present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses) 		present surprenne
/syʁ.pʁɛn/ 		surprennes
/syʁ.pʁɛn/ 		surprenne
/syʁ.pʁɛn/ 		surprenions
/syʁ.pʁə.njɔ̃/ 		surpreniez
/syʁ.pʁə.nje/ 		surprennent
/syʁ.pʁɛn/
imperfect2 surprisse
/syʁ.pʁis/ 		surprisses
/syʁ.pʁis/ 		surprît
/syʁ.pʁi/ 		surprissions
/syʁ.pʁi.sjɔ̃/ 		surprissiez
/syʁ.pʁi.sje/ 		surprissent
/syʁ.pʁis/
(compound
tenses) 		past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — surprends
/syʁ.pʁɑ̃/ 		— surprenons
/syʁ.pʁə.nɔ̃/ 		surprenez
/syʁ.pʁə.ne/ 		—
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
  • past historic → present perfect
  • past anterior → pluperfect
  • imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
  • pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Descendants

  • → Asturian: sorprender
  • → Spanish: sorprender
  • → Portuguese: surpreender
  • → Romanian: surprinde

Further reading

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French sorprendre, sousprendre.

Verb

surprendre

  1. to surprise
  2. to take (something) over; to seize
    • 1560, Jean Longis, Robert le Mangnier, Le Premier livre d'Amadis de Gaule, page CCXXVII:
      Ne voyez vous comme il a traité ceux du chasteau qu'il a surprins ?
      Don't you see how he treat those from the castle he seized?

Descendants

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