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al-Qalqashandi - Wikipedia

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(Redirected from Ahmad al-Qalqashandi)

Al-Qalqashandi
Born	Shihāb al-Dīn Abū 'l-Abbās Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad ‘Abd Allāh al-Fazārī al-Shāfiʿī 1355 or 1356 Nile Delta, Egypt
Died	1418
Nationality	Egyptian
Occupation(s)	Encyclopedist, Polymath, Mathematician
Notable work	Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshá

Shihāb al-Dīn Abū 'l-Abbās Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad ‘Abd Allāh al-Fazārī al-Shāfiʿī^[1] better known by the epithet al-Qalqashandī (Arabic: شهاب الدين أحمد بن علي بن أحمد القلقشندي; 1355 or 1356 – 1418), was a medieval Egyptian encyclopedist, polymath and mathematician. A native of the Nile Delta, he became a Scribe of the Scroll (Katib al-Darj), or clerk of the Mamluk chancery in Cairo, Egypt. His magnum opus is the voluminous administrative encyclopedia Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshá.

Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā

Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshá fī Ṣināʿat al-Inshāʾ ('The Dawn of the Blind' or 'Daybreak for the Night-Blind regarding the Composition of Chancery Documents'); a fourteen-volume encyclopedia completed in 1412, is an administrative manual on geography, political history, natural history, zoology, mineralogy, cosmography, and time measurement. Based on the Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣar of Shihab al-Umari,^[2] it has been called "one of the final expressions of the genre of Arabic administrative literature".^[3] Selections on "Seats of Government " and "Regulations of the Kingdom " from Early Islam to the Mamluks' have been published separately.^[4]

The Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā was cited by David Kahn as the first published discussion of the substitution and transposition of ciphers, and the first description of a polyalphabetic cipher, in which each plaintext letter is assigned more than one substitution. The exposition on cryptanalysis included the use of tables of letter frequencies and sets of letters which cannot occur together in one word. ^[5] Kahn therefore cited it as the first work in human history that described cryptology, because it described both cryptography and cryptanalysis. Al-Qalqashandi quoted the text relevant to cryptology from the work of Ibn al-Durayhim (1312–1361) that was once considered lost. Later discoveries in Istanbul‟s Sulaimaniyyah Ottoman Archives did not just find the work by Ibn Duraihim, but also works of al-Kindi in the 9th century that is now considered the oldest work on cryptology.^[6]

References

^ Bosworth 1978, p. 509.
^ Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul, eds. (1998). "al-Qalqashandi". Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 629.
^ Maaike van Berkel (2009). "al-QALQASHANDĪ". In Roger M. A. Allen; Terri DeYoung (eds.). Essays in Arabic Literary Biography II: 1350-1850. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 331–40. ISBN 978-3-447-05933-6. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Heba el-Toudy and Tarek Galal Abdelhamid (eds), Selections from Ṣubḥ al-A‘shā by al-Qalqashand ī, Clerk of the Mamluk Court: Egypt: “Seats of Government ” and “Regulations of the Kingdom ”, from Early Islam to the Mamluks', Al-Masāq: Journal of the Medieval Mediterranean (2017)
^ Lennon, Brian (2018). Passwords: Philology, Security, Authentication. Harvard University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780674985377.
^ Kathryn A. Schwartz (2009): Charting Arabic Cryptology's Evolution∗, Cryptologia,33:4, 297-304

Sources

Bosworth, C. E. (1978). "al-Ḳalḳas̲h̲andī". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 509–511. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3832. OCLC 758278456.

External links

Qalqashandī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī (1879). Die Geographie und Verwaltung von Ägypten. Translated by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld. Dieterich.
Qalqashandī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī (1903). Ṣuhḥ al-aishā. Vol. 1. Cairo.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Qalqashandī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī (1913). Kitab subh al-a'shá. Vol. 1. Al-Qhirah al-Maba'ah al-Amryah.
Qalqashandī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī (1913). Kitab subh al-a'shá. Vol. 6. Al-Qhirah al-Maba'ah al-Amryah.
Damanhr, Amad ibn Abd al-Munim; Qalqashandī Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī; Ibn Jbir, Muammad ibn Amad, 1299-1378 (1871). Sabl al-rashd ilá naf' al-'ibd. Iskandariyah Al-Maba'ah al-Waaryah.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Arabic Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Ahmad al-Qalqashandi

9th century	'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk Sanad ibn Ali al-Jawharī Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf Al-Kindi Qusta ibn Luqa Al-Mahani al-Dinawari Banū Mūsā brothers Hunayn ibn Ishaq Al-Khwarizmi Yusuf al-Khuri Ishaq ibn Hunayn Na'im ibn Musa Thābit ibn Qurra al-Marwazi Abu Said Gorgani
10th century	Abu al-Wafa al-Khazin Al-Qabisi Abu Kamil Ahmad ibn Yusuf Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ al-Khojandi Al-Nayrizi Al-Saghani Brethren of Purity Ibn Sahl Ibn Yunus al-Uqlidisi Al-Battani Sinan ibn Thabit Ibrahim ibn Sinan Al-Isfahani Nazif ibn Yumn al-Qūhī Abu al-Jud Al-Sijzi Al-Karaji al-Majriti al-Jabali
11th century	Abu Nasr Mansur Alhazen Kushyar Gilani Al-Biruni Ibn al-Samh Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi Avicenna al-Jayyānī al-Nasawī al-Zarqālī ibn Hud Al-Isfizari Omar Khayyam Muhammad al-Baghdadi
12th century	Jabir ibn Aflah Al-Kharaqī Al-Khazini Al-Samawal al-Maghribi al-Hassar Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi Ibn al-Yasamin
13th century	Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili Ahmad al-Buni Ibn Munim Alam al-Din al-Hanafi Ibn Adlan al-Urdi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi al-Abhari Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi al-Hasan al-Marrakushi Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi Ibn al-Banna' Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
14th century	Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri Ibn al-Shatir Ibn al-Durayhim Al-Khalili al-Umawi
15th century	Ibn al-Majdi al-Rūmī al-Kāshī Ulugh Beg Ali Qushji al-Wafa'i al-Qalaṣādī Sibt al-Maridini Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
16th century	Al-Birjandi Muhammad Baqir Yazdi Taqi ad-Din Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi

Mathematical
works

Concepts

Centers

Influences

Influenced

Arabic literature

Old
Namara inscription Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions

Pre-Islamic

Classical

Early Islamic	Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi Al-Farazdaq Abd al-Hamid al-Katib Fadl Ashsha'ira Hassan ibn Thabit Ibn Abi Hasina Maysun bint Bahdal Jamil ibn Ma'mar Suraqa bin Malik Jarir ibn Atiyah Ka'b bin Zuhayr Al-Khansa Kuthayyir Layla al-Akhyaliyya Suraqah al-Bariqi Qutayla ukht al-Nadr Waddah al-Yaman Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi Dhu Jadan al-Himyari Dorayd bin Al Soma Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a al-Mufaddal
Abbasid era	Bint al-Mahdī Ibn al-Ahnaf Ibn al-Mu'tazz Abu Firas al-Hamdani Abu Tammam Al-Mudabbir Abu'l-Qasimbal-Maghribi Arib al-Ma'muniyya Al-Asma'i Ahmad al-Tifashi Abu al-Atahiya ibn al-'Amid Al-Hamadani Baha' al-din Zuhair Bashshar ibn Burd Buhturi Al-Busiri Al-Isfahani Al-Fath ibn Khaqan Al-Hariri of Basra Ibn al-Farid Ibn al-Rumi Ibn Duraid al-Zajjaj Abu Mansur al-Azhari ibn al-Mahdi ibn al-Mudabbir Al-Ma'arri Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa Al-Mutanabbi Abu Nuwas Al-Jahiz Shāriyah Al-Armanazi Aban al-Lahiqi Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani Rabia of Basra Yunus ibn Habib Abu Nasr al-Jawhari Al-Farahidi Al-Shafi'i Ibn al-Muqaffa' Al-Mubarrad Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya Al-Zahiri Abu Muhammad al-Anbari Ibn al-Anbari Al-Qasabani Ibn Qutaybah Dik al-Jinn ‘Inān Abu Ahmad Monajjem Ibn Bakkar Al-Sarī al-Raffā’ Al-Suli Niftawayh Al-Tughrai Laylā bint Ṭarīf Al-Tha'alibi Al-Daylami al-Tawhīdī Al-Sharif al-Radi Ibn Hayyus Al-Raghib al-Isfahani Sharif al-Murtaza Al Uyuni Yaqut al-Hamawi Al Suhrawardi Al-Hallaj Usama ibn Munqidh Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli Ibn al-Shajari Ibn al-Nafis Ibn 'Adlan
Al-Andalus and Maghreb	Abu Ja'far Al-Rumaikiyya Maria Alphaizuli Ibn Ammar Buthaina Al-Rukuniyya Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib Ibn Hamdis Ibn Abd Rabbih Ibn al-Abbar Ibn al-Zaqqaq Ibn Amira Ibn Baqi Ibn Bassam Ibn Juzayy Ibn Khafaja Ibn al-Khatib Ibn Quzman Ibn Sahl Ibn Zamrak Ibn Zaydún Lubna of Córdoba Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad ibn Hani al-Azdi Muhya Nazhun Qasmuna Al-Tutili Umm Al-Kiram Yusuf III Yusuf III Ibn Hazm Ibn Arabi al-Shushtari Abu Madyan al-Rundi Ibn al-Arif Ibn Wahbun Ibn Abdun Avempace al-Baji al-Fazazi Ibn al-Yayyab Ibn Jubayr Ibn al-Kattani Ibn Tufayl Ibn Abi al-Khisal
Mamluk era	Ahmad ibn Arabshah Al-Busiri Ibn Manzur Ibn Battuta 'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya Ibn al-Wardi Hamdallah Mustawfi Ibn Nubata al-Nafzawi Ibn Khaldun Al-Qalqashandi
Ottoman era	Al-Nabulsi Fuzûlî Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi Hanna Diyab Ibn al-Wannan Ahmed Ben Triki

Modern

Nahda

Contemporary

National literatures of Arab states
Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Copto-Arabic Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria Tunisia U.A.E. Yemen

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Netherlands Norway Sweden Vatican Israel
People	Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef

Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā

References

Sources

External links

Further reading