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Aimaq dialect - Wikipedia

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Aimaq
گویش ایماقی
Aimaqi written in the Perso-Arabic script in Nastaliq style.
Native to	Afghanistan, Iran
Ethnicity	Aimaq
Native speakers	1.9 million (2017–2019)^[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Iranian Southwestern Iranian Persian Aimaq
Writing system	Persian alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`aiq`
Glottolog	`aima1241`

Aimaq or Aimaqi (Persian: ایماقی, romanized: Aimāqi) is the dominant eastern Persian ethnolect spoken by the Aimaq people in central northwest Afghanistan (west of the Hazarajat) and eastern Iran. It is close to the Dari varieties of Persian.^[2] The Aimaq people are thought to have a 5–15% literacy rate.^[1]

Dialects

Subdialects of Aimaq dialect include:

Changezi
Firozkohi
Jamshidi
Maliki
Mizmast
Taimani
Timuri
Zainal
Zohri (also known as Zuri)

Phonology

Phonetically, as one of the eastern Persian dialects, the Aimaq dialect resembles a formal or classical form of Persian.

Vowels:

The "majhul" vowels ē / ī and ō / ū are still kept separate, whereas in western Persian they are merged as ī and ū respectively. For instance, the identically written words شیر 'lion' and 'milk' are in western Persian both pronounced [šīr], but in Aimaq [šēr] for 'lion' and [šīr] for 'milk'. The long vowel in زود 'quick' and زور 'strong' is realized as [ū] in western Persian, in contrast, these words are pronounced as [zūd] and [zōr] respectively by Aimaq speakers.
The diphthongs of early Classical Persian aw (as ow in Engl. cow) and ay (as i in English ice) have in Aimaq become [ow] (as in Engl. low) and [ej] (as in Engl. day). Dari, on the other hand, is more archaic, e.g. نوروز 'Persian New Year' is realized as [nowrūz] in Iranian, and [nawrōz] in Aimaq, and نخیر 'no' is uttered as [naχejr] in Iranian, and as [naχajr] in Aimaq.
The high short vowels [i] and [u] tend to be lowered in western Persian to [e] and [o].
/æ/^{[clarification needed]} and /e/ are in Aimaq kept separate in word-final positions, unlike western Persian, where /æ/ has [e] as a word-final allophone.

Consonants:

Aimaq still retains the (classical) bilabial pronunciation [w] of the labial consonant و, which is realized as a voiced labiodental fricative [v] in western Persian. [v] is found in Aimaq as an allophone of f before voiced consonants.
The voiced uvular stop /ɢ/ (ق) and voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ (غ) are still kept separate in Aimaq. They have coincided in western Persian (probably under the influence of Turkic languages like Azeri and Turkmen).^[3]

References

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b Aimaq at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ "Aimaq". World Culture Encyclopedia. everyculture.com. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
^ A. Pisowicz, Origins of the New and Middle Persian phonological systems (Cracow 1985), p. 112-114, 117.

Notations

Clifton, John M. (ed.) (2005) Studies in languages of Tajikistan North Eurasia Group, SIL International, St Petersburg, Russia, OCLC 122939499

v t e Persian language
History	Proto-Indo-European (c. 3000 BCE) Proto-Indo-Iranian (c. 2000 BCE) Proto-Iranian (c. 1500 BCE) Old Persian (c. 525 – 300 BCE) Middle Persian (c. 300 BCE – 800 CE) New Persian (from 800)
Language families	Indo-Iranian languages Iranian languages Western Iranian languages
Dialects and varieties	Standard Persian Iranian Afghan Tajik Hazaragi Aimaq Kuwaiti Persian Tat Judeo-Persian Judeo-Tat (Juhuri) Bukhori Sistani Dehwari
Language features	Vocabulary Nouns Verbs Phonology
Grammar	Persian grammar Ezāfe Tajik grammar
Writing system	Old Persian cuneiform Pahlavi scripts Persian alphabet Persian calligraphy Tajik alphabet Romanized Persian alphabet Persian Braille
Literature	Persian literature Middle Persian literature Tajik literature
Organizations	Academy of Persian Language and Literature Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
Other topics	List of English words of Persian origin List of French loanwords in Persian List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language Persian language in South Asia

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Dialects

Phonology

See also

References

Footnotes

Notations